6 research outputs found

    Effets reportés de multiples perturbations rencontrées en migration sur la reproduction de la grande oie des neiges

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    Les organismes vivants font continuellement face à différentes perturbations. Les effets découlant de celles-ci peuvent se manifester dans l'immédiat, ou encore se manifester plus tard au cours du cycle annuel de l'individu. Ces effets prenant origine de l'expérience passée d'un individu se nomment les effets reportés. Avec les changements globaux causés par l'humain, les perturbations et les effets reportés en découlant, sont amenés à augmenter en fréquence et en amplitude. L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'investiguer, chez une espÚce migratrice longévive, la grande oie des neiges (Anser caerulescens atlanticus), les mécanismes sous-jacents aux effets reportés observés sur la reproduction résultant de deux types de perturbations rencontrées en migration. Dans un premier temps, nous avons simulé une perturbation aiguë en migration et avons observé les conséquences sur les décisions de reproduction des individus. Par la suite, nous avons comparé la phénologie de migration et de reproduction des oies au cours des 26 derniÚres années et avons testé l'effet de différents facteurs environnementaux sur ces paramÚtres phénologiques. Nos résultats indiquent que les oies sont capables de pallier les effets des deux types de perturbation en migration en modulant leurs décisions de migration et de reproduction selon les conditions environnementales qu'elles rencontrent. Ce mémoire révÚle différents mécanismes qu'utilise une espÚce longévive pour répondre à de multiples perturbations environnementales.Living organisms constantly face different perturbations. The effects occurring from those perturbations can manifest themselves immediately, or only surface later in the individual's life cycle. These effects originating from the past experiences of an individual are called carry-over effects. With global changes brought by humans, perturbations and their effects, are believed to become more intense and frequent. The objective of this thesis is to investigate, on a long-lived migratory species, the greater snow goose (Anser caerulescens atlanticus), the mechanisms underlying the carry-over effects on the reproduction of two types of perturbation encountered in migration. Firstly, we simulated an acute perturbation in migration and observed the consequences on the individuals' reproductive decisions. Secondly, we compared the migration and reproduction phenology of snow geese over the last 26 years and tested for the effect of different environmental factors on these phenology parameters. Our results indicate that geese are able to mitigate the effects of both types of perturbation in migration by modulating their migration and reproduction decisions with the environmental conditions they encounter. This thesis reveals different mechanisms a long-lived species uses to respond to multiple environmental perturbations

    DensitĂ© et succĂšs reproducteur de la grive des bois (Hylocichla mustelina) dans les parcs nationaux d’Oka et du Mont-Saint-Bruno

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    La grive des bois (Hylocichla mustelina) a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©signĂ©e espĂšce menacĂ©e au Canada en 2012. De 1970 Ă  2021, ses effectifs auraient chutĂ© de 75 % au Canada et de 84 % au QuĂ©bec. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude visait Ă  dĂ©terminer le statut de l’espĂšce dans 2 parcs nationaux de la rĂ©gion de MontrĂ©al. En 2021 et en 2022, 88 nids ont Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©s dans le parc national d’Oka, contre 10 au parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno (2022). La densitĂ© de nids Ă©tait nettement infĂ©rieure Ă  Mont-Saint-Bruno (0,03/ha versus 0,10/ha), possiblement en raison du surbroutement de la vĂ©gĂ©tation par le cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus). Les taux de survie des nids variaient d’un parc Ă  l’autre et d’une annĂ©e Ă  l’autre (Oka : 68,2 % en 2021 et 27,6 % en 2022 ; Mont-Saint-Bruno : 68,9 %). La cause principale d’échec des nids Ă©tait la prĂ©dation. Le taux de parasitisme par le vacher Ă  tĂȘte brune (Molothrus ater) Ă©tait plus Ă©levĂ© Ă  Mont-Saint-Bruno (25 % versus 1,9 %). À Oka, la prĂ©dation des nids Ă©tait plus forte chaque annĂ©e le long du sentier le plus frĂ©quentĂ©, ce qui suggĂšre un effet nĂ©gatif du taux de passage des visiteurs sur le succĂšs des nids.The Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) was listed as Threatened in Canada in 2012. Between 1970 and 2021, its numbers are estimated to have declined by 75% nationally, and by 84% in the province of QuĂ©bec. The aim of the present study was to document the status of this species in two national parks in the MontrĂ©al region. Eighty-eight nests were found in Oka National Park (parc national d’Oka, 2021 and 2022 combined), and 10 in Mont-Saint-Bruno National Park (parc national du Mont-Saint-Bruno, 2022). Nest density was substantially lower at the Mont-Saint-Bruno site (0.03/ha versus 0.10/ha), possibly due to overbrowsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Nest survival rate varied as a function of location and year: Oka: 68.2% in 2021 and 27.6% in 2022; Mont-Saint-Bruno: 68.9%. The main cause of nest failure was predation. The rate of brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) was higher at Mont-Saint-Bruno (25% versus 1.9%). In Oka, nest predation was higher along the most heavily used trail in both study years, suggesting a negative impact of trail use by visitors on nest success

    Should I breed or should I go ? Manipulating individual state during migration influences breeding decisions in a long-lived bird species

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    Documentation of Carry-Over Effects (COEs), defined as effects resulting from events that occurred in a previous time period, has largely been observational and understanding of specific mechanisms underlying COEs is still lacking. To investigate this, we simulated an environmental perturbation during the spring migration of a long-lived bird species and looked at the subsequent effects on various breeding parameters. We captured female greater snow geese (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) on their spring staging sites and maintained individuals in captivity for up to four days before releasing them. We re-observed females 3000 km North, on their Arctic breeding grounds, to estimate their breeding propensity (i.e., probability of initiating a reproductive event for a given year), and measure their arrival date, laying date, clutch size, and nesting success. Only proxies of breeding propensity were affected by our manipulation, which decreased as the time spent in captivity increased. However, females were able to overcome the effects of captivity in two out of the three years of experimentation with normal or good environmental conditions at the breeding site. When facing the additional challenge of poor environmental conditions, many individuals manipulated during migration apparently curtailed their reproductive effort by skipping breeding. This experiment is the first to show that breeding propensity is an important parameter affected by COEs resulting from stressful events prior to reproduction in long-lived species.1. La documentation des effets reportĂ©s (Carry-Over Effect en anglais, COE), phĂ©nomĂšne dĂ©fini comme Ă©tant un effet rĂ©sultant d’un Ă©vĂ©nement qui s’est produit Ă  un moment antĂ©rieur, a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e principalement par observation et la comprĂ©hension des mĂ©canismes spĂ©cifiques sous-jacents aux COEs est toujours manquante. Pour investiguer ceci, nous avons simulĂ© une perturbation environnementale durant la migration d’une espĂšce longĂ©vive et avons observĂ© les effets subsĂ©quents sur diffĂ©rents paramĂštres de reproduction. 2. Nous avons capturĂ© des femelles grande oie des neiges (Anser caerulescens atlanticus) sur leur halte migratoire printaniĂšre et avons maintenu des individus en captivitĂ© jusqu’à quatre jours avant de les relĂącher. Nous avons rĂ©observĂ© ces femelles 3000 km au Nord, sur leur territoire de nidification arctique, pour dĂ©terminer leur propension Ă  se reproduire (la probabilitĂ© d’initier un Ă©vĂ©nement reproducteur pour une annĂ©e donnĂ©e), leur date d’arrivĂ©e, leur date de ponte, leur taille de ponte et leur succĂšs d’éclosion. 3. Seuls les proxys de la propension Ă  se reproduire ont Ă©tĂ© affectĂ©s par notre manipulation, diminuant lorsque le temps passĂ© en captivitĂ© augmentait. Cependant, les femelles Ă©taient capables de compenser pour l’effet du temps passĂ© en captivitĂ© lors de deux des trois annĂ©es d’étude avec des conditions environnementales normales ou bonnes sur les sites de nidification. 4. Faisant face au dĂ©fi additionnel des conditions environnementales dĂ©favorables sur les territoires de nidification, plusieurs individus manipulĂ©s durant la migration semblent avoir abrĂ©gĂ© leurs efforts de nidification en sautant la reproduction. Cette expĂ©rience est la premiĂšre Ă  montrer que la propension Ă  se reproduire est un paramĂštre important permettant de remĂ©dier aux COEs rĂ©sultant d’un Ă©vĂ©nement stressant avant la reproduction chez une espĂšce longĂ©vive

    Worth the dip? Polar bear predation on swimming flightless greater snow geese and estimation of energetic efficiency

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    As sea-ice cover is shrinking, polar bears (Ursus maritimus, Phipps, 1774) face decreased access to seals, their primary prey, resulting in a greater dependence on terrestrial food sources. Whether polar bears can benefit from these terrestrial food sources, however, depends on their ability to find and capture prey items without expending more energy than is acquired. Here, we report one of the northernmost observations of polar bear predation on adult birds. The bear used a dive-hunting technique, which consisted of submerging itself, approaching underwater, and catching flightless greater snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens (Linnaeus, 1758)) from beneath the surface of a tundra pond. After evaluating energy expenditures during swimming and energy intakes from consuming geese, we estimated that this rarely documented dive-hunting technique could be energetically profitable for a certain range of pursuit durations. This observation highlights the behavioral plasticity that polar bears can deploy to punctually exploit land-based food sources

    Global COVID-19 lockdown highlights humans as both threats and custodians of the environment

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    The global lockdown to mitigate COVID-19 pandemic health risks has altered human interactions with nature. Here, we report immediate impacts of changes in human activities on wildlife and environmental threats during the early lockdown months of 2020, based on 877 qualitative reports and 332 quantitative assessments from 89 different studies. Hundreds of reports of unusual species observations from around the world suggest that animals quickly responded to the reductions in human presence. However, negative effects of lockdown on conservation also emerged, as confinement resulted in some park officials being unable to perform conservation, restoration and enforcement tasks, resulting in local increases in illegal activities such as hunting. Overall, there is a complex mixture of positive and negative effects of the pandemic lockdown on nature, all of which have the potential to lead to cascading responses which in turn impact wildlife and nature conservation. While the net effect of the lockdown will need to be assessed over years as data becomes available and persistent effects emerge, immediate responses were detected across the world. Thus initial qualitative and quantitative data arising from this serendipitous global quasi-experimental perturbation highlights the dual role that humans play in threatening and protecting species and ecosystems. Pathways to favorably tilt this delicate balance include reducing impacts and increasing conservation effectiveness
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