Data Mining und wissenschaftliche Forschung – de lege lata und de lege ferenda

Der Vorentwurf zum neuen Urheberrechtsgesetz enthält mit Art. 24d E-URG eine Bestimmung, welche die Verwendung von Werken zu wissenschaftlichen Zwecken regelt. So soll die Vervielfältigung und Bearbeitung von urheberrechtlich geschützten Werken künftig zulässig sein, sofern dies durch die Anwendung eines technischen Verfahrens bedingt ist. Die neue Bestimmung zielt auf Fälle des so genannten Text and Data Mining ab, d.h. der computergestützten Suche, Analyse und Vernetzung von Daten mit dem Ziel, neue Erkenntnisse und Zusammenhänge zu erhalten. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob die in Art. 24d E-URG genannten Werknutzungen nicht bereits nach geltendem Recht zulässig sind. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zunächst den Vorgang des Text und Data Mining (I.) und dessen urheberrechtliche Relevanz (II.), bevor die möglicherweise einschlägigen Schranken des Urheberrechts untersucht werden (III.). Schliesslich wird auf die neue Bestimmung Art. 24d E-URG eingegangen (IV.)

Transformierte Buddhismen

Die Beiträge der Zeitschrift befassen sich auf der Basis neuester Forschungsergebnisse sowohl mit historischen Prozessen als auch rezenten Entwicklungen in den verschiedenen Buddhismen. Dabei werden lokal spezifische wie auch transkulturelle Adaptions-, Transformations- und Innovationsprozesse in den Blick genommen. Der Fokus der Beiträge liegt auf Wandlungsprozessen in buddhistischen Vorstellungen, Rhetoriken, Praktiken und Ästhetiken, die durch historische und gesellschaftliche Veränderungen als auch durch den geographischen Transfer buddhistischer Ideen und Praktiken (z.B. zwischen Ost und West und umgekehrt) hervorgerufen wurden und werden. Im Rahmen der Zeitschrift werden für das skizzierte Themenfeld relevante Publikationen besprochen

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Primary Mixed Neural Cell Cultures: Uptake, Oxidative Stress and Acute Calcium Responses

In the body, nanoparticles can be systemically distributed and then may affect secondary target organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS). Putative adverse effects on the CNS are rarely investigated to date. Here, we used a mixed primary cell model consisting mainly of neurons and astrocytes and a minor proportion of oligodendrocytes to analyze the effects of well-characterized 20 and 40 nm silver nanoparticles (SNP). Similar gold nanoparticles served as control and proved inert for all endpoints tested. SNP induced a strong size-dependent cytotoxicity. Additionally, in the low concentration range (up to 10 μg/ml of SNP), the further differentiated cultures were more sensitive to SNP treatment. For detailed studies, we used low/medium dose concentrations (up to 20 μg/ml) and found strong oxidative stress responses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected along with the formation of protein carbonyls and the induction of heme oxygenase-1. We observed an acute calcium response, which clearly preceded oxidative stress responses. ROS formation was reduced by antioxidants, whereas the calcium response could not be alleviated by antioxidants. Finally, we looked into the responses of neurons and astrocytes separately. Astrocytes were much more vulnerable to SNP treatment compared with neurons. Consistently, SNP were mainly taken up by astrocytes and not by neurons. Immunofluorescence studies of mixed cell cultures indicated stronger effects on astrocyte morphology. Altogether, we can demonstrate strong effects of SNP associated with calcium dysregulation and ROS formation in primary neural cells, which were detectable already at moderate dosage

Scale-invariant magnetic anisotropy in RuCl3_3 at high magnetic fields

In RuCl$_3$, inelastic neutron scattering and Raman spectroscopy reveal a continuum of non-spin-wave excitations that persists to high temperature, suggesting the presence of a spin liquid state on a honeycomb lattice. In the context of the Kitaev model, magnetic fields introduce finite interactions between the elementary excitations, and thus the effects of high magnetic fields - comparable to the spin exchange energy scale - must be explored. Here we report measurements of the magnetotropic coefficient - the second derivative of the free energy with respect to magnetic field orientation - over a wide range of magnetic fields and temperatures. We find that magnetic field and temperature compete to determine the magnetic response in a way that is independent of the large intrinsic exchange interaction energy. This emergent scale-invariant magnetic anisotropy provides evidence for a high degree of exchange frustration that favors the formation of a spin liquid state in RuCl$_3$.Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1901.09245. Nature Physic

An Innovative Protocol for Metaproteomic Analyses of Microbial Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum

Hallmarks of cystic fibrosis (CF) are increased viscosity of mucus and impaired mucociliary clearance within the airways due to mutations of the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator gene. This facilitates the colonization of the lung by microbial pathogens and the concomitant establishment of chronic infections leading to tissue damage, reduced lung function, and decreased life expectancy. Although the interplay between key CF pathogens plays a major role during disease progression, the pathophysiology of the microbial community in CF lungs remains poorly understood. Particular challenges in the analysis of the microbial population present in CF sputum is (I) the inhomogeneous, viscous, and slimy consistence of CF sputum, and (II) the high number of human proteins masking comparably low abundant microbial proteins. To address these challenges, we used 21 CF sputum samples to develop a reliable, reproducible and widely applicable protocol for sputum processing, microbial enrichment, cell disruption, protein extraction and subsequent metaproteomic analyses. As a proof of concept, we selected three sputum samples for detailed metaproteome analyses and complemented and validated metaproteome data by 16S sequencing, metabolomic as well as microscopic analyses. Applying our protocol, the number of bacterial proteins/protein groups increased from 199-425 to 392-868 in enriched samples compared to nonenriched controls. These early microbial metaproteome data suggest that the arginine deiminase pathway and multiple proteases and peptidases identified from various bacterial genera could so far be underappreciated in their contribution to the CF pathophysiology. By providing a standardized and effective protocol for sputum processing and microbial enrichment, our study represents an important basis for future studies investigating the physiology of microbial pathogens in CF in vivo – an important prerequisite for the development of novel antimicrobial therapies to combat chronic recurrent airway infection in CF

Dependency in the Twenty-First Century: Global material flows and the international division of labour

Abhängigkeiten im globalen Kapitalismus stellen eine historische Kontinuität dar. Wie diese sich seit dem Ende der formalen Kolonialherrschaft in ökonomischer und politischer Hinsicht fortsetzen, hat Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts zunächst vor allem der lateinamerikanische Dependenzansatz prominent diskutiert. Der vorliegende Beitrag argumentiert, dass politische und ökonomische Abhängigkeiten trotz Verschiebungen gegenüber der Ausgangslage der dependenztheoretischen Diskussionen der 1970er Jahre weithin fortbestehen und sich nicht allein über die Betrachtung ökonomischer Kennziffern beschreiben lassen. Gerade auch im Hinblick auf zwei Leerstellen des Dependenzansatzes, der Aneignung von un(ter-) bezahlter Sorge- und Subsistenzarbeit sowie am kostenlosen Zugriff auf Natur, zeigen sich Machtbeziehungen und Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse, auf denen die kapitalistische Weltwirtschaft weiterhin beruht.Dependencies represent an historical continuity in global capitalism. The economic and political terms under which they have continued since the end of formal colonial rule was prominently discussed by the Latin American dependency approach in the mid-20th century. This article argues that political and economic dependencies continue to exist to a large extent, despite the changes and shifts that have taken place since the dependency theory discussions of the 1970s. Furthermore they cannot be described solely through the analysis of economic indicators. The relations of power and dependency on which the capitalist world economy continues to rely become particularly visible through two blind spots in the dependency approach: the appropriation of nature and of un(der)paid care and subsistence work

Anthropometric and blood parameters for the prediction of NAFLD among overweight and obese adults

Backround: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises non-progressive steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the latter of which may cause cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As NAFLD detection is imperative for the prevention of its complications, we evaluated whether a combination of blood-based biomarkers and anthropometric parameters can be used to predict NAFLD among overweight and obese adults. Methods: 143 overweight or obese non-smokers free of diabetes (50% women, age: 35–65 years) were recruited. Anthropometric indices and routine biomarkers of metabolism and liver function were measured to predict magnetic resonance (MR) - derived NAFLD by multivariable logistic regression models. In addition, we evaluated to which degree the use of more novel biomarkers (adiponectin, leptin, resistin, C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and interferon-γ) could improve prediction models. Results: NAFLD was best predicted by a combination of age, sex, waist circumference, ALT, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR at an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.93) before and 0.85 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.91) after internal bootstrap validation. The use of additional biomarkers of inflammation and metabolism did not improve NAFLD prediction. Previously published indices predicted NAFLD at AUROCs between 0.71 and 0.82. Conclusions: The AUROC of > 0.8 obtained by our regression model suggests the feasibility of a non-invasive detection of NAFLD by anthropometry and circulating biomarkers, even though further increments in the capacity of prediction models may be needed before NAFLD indices can be applied in routine clinical practice