Should I Stay or Should I Go? Gender and Career Choices to Exit or Remain in Academia

updatedVersio

On Different Tracks? Gender, Professional Strategies, and Early Career Wage Gaps

A longstanding notion in labor market theory is that women accommodate family responsibilities in their occupational and job choices. Utilizing a survey of newly graduated highly educated men and women in five occupations in Sweden (n≈2400), the article explores whether men and women differ in their professional strategies and if such differences produce early career wage gaps. Findings based on OLS regressions show that women express dual commitment to work and family; compared with men, they value ‘family-friendly’ work-conditions higher but do not value wages and career lower. Parenthood is not related to lower levels of career focus, but neutralizes occupational differences in family focus for women. Despite the select sample, women have lower wages than men, but the wage gap is not explained by different prioritization of family/career. The findings suggest that assumptions about gendered skill investments must be empirically scrutinized and theories further developed

Protection of Mutual Interests? Employment Protection and Skill Formation in Different Labour Market Regimes

■ The `varieties of capitalism' school argues that firm-specific skills are more common in coordinated than in liberal economies and that appropriate training is facilitated by employment protection legislation. We compare the level of firm-specific skills across 21 countries with different capacities for labour market coordination. The data provide very limited support for the thesis, showing large variation among the coordinated countries. The results indicate `varieties of coordination', which have different implications for the incidence and consequences of firm-specific skill. Improved operationalization of the skill concept seems urgent

Beyond the Mummy Track? Part-time Rights, Gender, and Career-Family Dilemmas

Statutory rights to part-time work are increasingly discussed and institutionalized, but have been little empirically investigated. On the basis of a survey of Swedish parents (n = 1900), the article explores the usage and usefulness of the right to work hour reductions in relation to career-family dilemmas. The results show that the gender composition of the workplace affects both mothers’ and fathers’ likelihood of reducing work hours. Mothers who reduce work hours experience lower work-family conflict but stronger fears of negative career repercussions. For fathers, the implications of work hour reductions vary with the gender composition of the workplace. Meanwhile, the division of housework is related both to the likelihood of reducing work hours and to its implications. The analysis suggests that even when a statutory right to part-time is provided, workplace norms and men’s participation in housework are crucial for changing gender patterns

A Maternal Wall for Refugees? Gender and Labor Market Establishment in Sweden

Using longitudinal register data, we examined gender patterns in the long-term labor market establishment of refugees (n ≈ 11,700) and Swedish-born individuals (n ≈ 109,000). The main question was whether refugee women face greater difficulties than men and if gender differences can be attributed to care responsibilities. With multinomial logistic regression, cox regressions, and individual fixed effects models, refugees were observed at age 29–30 in 1997, then followed to age 50. Results show that both among refugees and Swedish-born, establishment was a protracted and insecure process for women. Over time, women caught up with men but in terms of stable employment, gender gaps prevailed throughout the fertile period and parenthood was negatively related to long-term establishment prospects. Future research should move beyond the focus on labor market entry to capture the mechanisms behind long term insecurities. The timing of parenthood and the importance of adult education are of particular interest

Pohjois-Savon perinnebiotooppien hoito-ohjelma 2007-2016

Perinnebiotooppien hoito-ohjelmassa esitetään Pohjois-Savon perinnebiotooppien nykytila, hoidon tavoitteet ja järjestämismahdollisuudet sekä eri toimijatahojen vastuu hoidon edistämisessä. Kohteet on lisäksi asetettu hoitotarpeen mukaiseen kiireellisyysjärjestykseen. Hoito-ohjelman laatimiseen on osallistunut paikallisista toimijoista koostuva työryhmä. Pohjois-Savon perinnemaisemat kartoitettiin ensimmäisen kerran valtakunnallisen perinnemaisemainventoinnin yhteydessä vuosina 1992-1997. Perinnemaisemien kartoitusta ja hoitoa on tämän jälkeen edistetty kahdessa perinnemaisemahankkeessa: Perinnemaisemat-projekti (1995-2001) ja Perinnemaisemien hoidon kehittämishanke (2002-2003). Tiedot perinnemaisemien nykytilasta pohjautuvat pääasiassa viimeksi mainittuun hankkeeseen. Pohjois-Savossa on kartoitettu yhteensä 260 perinnebiotooppia, yhteispinta-alaltaan 1368 hehtaaria. Kohteista suurin osa on edelleen hoidon piirissä. Tulevaisuudessa yhä useammat luonnonlaitumet uhkaavat kuitenkin jäädä hoidotta, kun monet karjatilat luopuvat elinkeinostaan. Perinnebiotooppien nykytila ei ole erityisen hyvä. Ongelmana ovat rehevöittävät, ei-perinteiset hoitotavat; muun muassa lisäruokinta ja laiduntaminen yhdessä nurmilaitumien kanssa. Maanomistajille suunnattua koulutusta ja neuvontaa olisi hyvä lisätä perinnebiotooppien laadun parantamiseksi. Maanomistajat voivat hakea maatalouden ympäristötuen erityistukea perinnebiotooppien hoitamiseksi. Tukea on Pohjois-Savossa myönnetty yli puolelle arvokkaista kohteista. Hoito-ohjelmassa on esitetty toimenpiteet perinnebiotooppien hoidon edistämiseksi vuosille 2007-2016. Toimenpide- ehdotuksiin sisältyvät muun muassa hoitosuunnitelmien laatiminen arvokkaimmille kohteille, uusien kohteiden inventointi, kohteiden nykytilan seuranta ja mallitilaverkoston perustaminen. Hoito-ohjelman toteuttamisen vuosittaisten kustannusten on arvioitu olevan noin 55 000 euroa

Stability of feed enzymes in physiological conditions assayed by in vitro methods

A series of in vitro incubations were carried out to investigate the stability of two enzyme preparations in conditions similar to those in the upper gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals. The two enzyme products, one crude xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (Multifekt K) and the other a specifically manufactured feed enzyme (Avizyme SX®), were subjected to incubations at low and neutral pH with and without proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and pancreatin). Wheat gluten was employed together with the crude xylanase to investigate its potential as a stabilising agent. Due to the buffering effect of Avizyme SX®, incubations were carried out with (pH 2.5) and without (pH 3.2) addition of either citric or hydrochloric acid. Incubation of the crude xylanase at low pH followed by incubation at neutral pH resulted in negligible loss of xylanase activity whereas β-xylosidase recovery fell to 57 per cent of the initial value (