Possible influence factors of technical tolerance

Legitimate users of agricultural areas can receive land-based payments based on the area of either the cultivated plants or the uncultivated land kept, in line with the provisions of community and national legislation, in condition eligible for support. Furthermore, land-based support can be received via other rural development measures as well.According to European Commission regulation the appropriate and eligible claim of the land-based supports shall be controlled by the member states. The most robust technique of this process is the remote sensing control. The observed discrepancies shall be sanctioned based on their extent and intentional nature. A measurement tolerance interval shall be set in case of remote sensing operations so that the extent of discrepancy is to be determined in the most objective way possible. As far as the measurement tolerance interval is concerned the goal is to minimise the cumulative faults appearing during the measurements (such as the scale of agricultural activities, the inaccuracy of farmers’ drawings necessary for the claiming of support and the inaccuracy of control materials and methods).The establishment of the measurement tolerance interval is based on the fact that the reference parcels selected by the validation protocol are made by several operators in iterations. As a result of this process the following conclusions can be drawn:The validation method of multi-level tests required by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) properly detects the measurement results strongly affected by faults. Although this method is to be used exclusively to determine the technical tolerance in the Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) process of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), as independent validation process it does not take the further imagery and other vector references into account. In our examination we assessed the possible inclusion of the smallest identification unit of the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) – i.e. the physical block – as well as its impact on the value of technical tolerance

Possible influence factors of technical tolerance

Legitimate users of agricultural areas can receive land-based payments based on the area of either the cultivated plants or the uncultivated land kept, in line with the provisions of community and national legislation, in condition eligible for support. Furthermore, land-based support can be received via other rural development measures as well.According to European Commission regulation the appropriate and eligible claim of the land-based supports shall be controlled by the member states. The most robust technique of this process is the remote sensing control. The observed discrepancies shall be sanctioned based on their extent and intentional nature. A measurement tolerance interval shall be set in case of remote sensing operations so that the extent of discrepancy is to be determined in the most objective way possible. As far as the measurement tolerance interval is concerned the goal is to minimise the cumulative faults appearing during the measurements (such as the scale of agricultural activities, the inaccuracy of farmers’ drawings necessary for the claiming of support and the inaccuracy of control materials and methods).The establishment of the measurement tolerance interval is based on the fact that the reference parcels selected by the validation protocol are made by several operators in iterations. As a result of this process the following conclusions can be drawn:The validation method of multi-level tests required by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) properly detects the measurement results strongly affected by faults. Although this method is to be used exclusively to determine the technical tolerance in the Control with Remote Sensing (CwRS) process of the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), as independent validation process it does not take the further imagery and other vector references into account. In our examination we assessed the possible inclusion of the smallest identification unit of the Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) – i.e. the physical block – as well as its impact on the value of technical tolerance

A Nemzeti Agrár-környezetvédelmi Program (NAKP) pályázati rendszer bevezetésének hatása a kijelölt mintaterületek földhasználatára és természeti értékeinek védelmére = The effects of the introduction of NAEP application procedure on the land use and protected nature values of the delimited pilot areas

2002-től begyűjtöttük és elemeztük a vizsgált ÉTT mintaterületekről - az Agrár-környezetgazdálkodási támogatások keretében - beékezett pályázatok alakulását. Ezen adatbázis segítségével meghatározható a mintaterületek jelenlegi AKG támogatottsága, a programok területi aránya, továbbá elhelyezkedése, amely a továbbiakban igény szerint beépíthető az ÉTT-et monitorozó adatbázisba. A mintaterületekre vonatkozó digitális adatbázis tartalmának kibővítésével lehetővé válik a Nemzeti Parkok számára a támogatott területek és a védendő értékek térbeli elhelyezkedésének összevetése, amely segítségével célirányosan bővíthető a programban résztvevők köre. A kérdőíves felmérés rámutatott a megkérdezett gazdálkodók személyi hátterére, a gazdálkodás típusára, továbbá a programmal kapcsolatos észrevételeikre, amelyek segíthetik a program kidolgozásában résztvevő szakembereket. | We collected and analyzed the applications of farmers for Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) programs - in the framework of the Agri-Environmental funds - from the examined ESAs from 2002. Based on this database it is possible to determine what kind of subsidies were given, on how large areas and in which blocks in the present Agro-Environmental Program. In the future it can be implemented into the ESA monitoring database on demand. With the improvement of the digital database concerning the sample sites it becomes possible for the National Park Authorities to compare the subsidized areas and the areas potentially important for protection. This way farmers, whose area are not included in the program but their area is close to the sensitive, protected areas can be invited into the program. The survey with questionnaires is pointing on the personal background of the farmers, on the type of the farming, furthermore on their opinion in connection with the program. These opinions help the experts to improve the program

Evaluation of the wildlife management practice of Liszt Ferenc International Airport

We investigated the wildlife strike data of years from 1997-2011 of Liszt Ferenc International Airport. The number of carcasses found on the airport increased till the year 2006, then, after a steep fall it became stabilized. Most of the strikes/found carcasses indicate presence of bird species, amongst these Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) have a remarkable occurrence. In the previous five years birds’ trend suggests decreasing, whilst mammalian species’ trend shows upward tendencies. Its reason is that the continuously growing tool-collection of the utilized management methods is mainly suitable against bird specie

Evaluation of the wildlife management practice of Liszt Ferenc International Airport

We investigated the wildlife strike data of years from 1997-2011 of Liszt Ferenc International Airport. The number of carcasses found on the airport increased till the year 2006, then, after a steep fall it became stabilized. Most of the strikes/found carcasses indicate presence of bird species, amongst these Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) and Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) have a remarkable occurrence. In the previous five years birds’ trend suggests decreasing, whilst mammalian species’ trend shows upward tendencies. Its reason is that the continuously growing tool-collection of the utilized management methods is mainly suitable against bird species

Farmland biodiversity and agricultural management on 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions

Farmland is a major land cover type in Europe and Africa and provides habitat for numerous species. The severe decline in farmland biodiversity of the last decades has been attributed to changes in farming practices, and organic and low-input farming are assumed to mitigate detrimental effects of agricultural intensification on biodiversity. Since the farm enterprise is the primary unit of agricultural decision making, management-related effects at the field scale need to be assessed at the farm level. Therefore, in this study, data were collected on habitat characteristics, vascular plant, earthworm, spider, and bee communities and on the corresponding agricultural management in 237 farms in 13 European and two African regions. In 15 environmental and agricultural homogeneous regions, 6–20 farms with the same farm type (e.g., arable crops, grassland, or specific permanent crops) were selected. If available, an equal number of organic and non-organic farms were randomly selected. Alternatively, farms were sampled along a gradient of management intensity. For all selected farms, the entire farmed area was mapped, which resulted in total in the mapping of 11 338 units attributed to 194 standardized habitat types, provided together with additional descriptors. On each farm, one site per available habitat type was randomly selected for species diversity investigations. Species were sampled on 2115 sites and identified to the species level by expert taxonomists. Species lists and abundance estimates are provided for each site and sampling date (one date for plants and earthworms, three dates for spiders and bees). In addition, farmers provided information about their management practices in face-to-face interviews following a standardized questionnaire. Farm management indicators for each farm are available (e.g., nitrogen input, pesticide applications, or energy input). Analyses revealed a positive effect of unproductive areas and a negative effect of intensive management on biodiversity. Communities of the four taxonomic groups strongly differed in their response to habitat characteristics, agricultural management, and regional circumstances. The data has potential for further insights into interactions of farmland biodiversity and agricultural management at site, farm, and regional scale