Self-harm, somatic disorders and mortality in the 3 years following a hospitalisation in psychiatry in adolescents and young adults

Background There is limited recent information regarding the risk of self-harm, somatic disorders and premature mortality following discharge from psychiatric hospital in young people. Objective To measure these risks in young people discharged from a psychiatric hospital as compared with both non-affected controls and non-hospitalised affected controls. Methods Data were extracted from the French national health records. Cases were compared with two control groups. Cases: all individuals aged 12–24 years, hospitalised in psychiatry in France in 2013–2014. Non-affected controls: matched for age and sex with cases, not hospitalised in psychiatry and no identification of a mental disorder in 2008–2014. Affected controls: unmatched youths identified with a mental disorder between 2008 and 2014, never hospitalised in psychiatry. Follow-up of 3 years. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with these confounding variables: age, sex, past hospitalisation for self-harm, past somatic disorder diagnosis. Findings The studied population comprised 73 300 hospitalised patients (53.6% males), 219 900 non-affected controls and 9 683 affected controls. All rates and adjusted risks were increased in hospitalised patients versus both non-affected and affected controls regarding a subsequent hospitalisation for self-harm (HR=105.5, 95% CIs (89.5 to 124.4) and HR=1.5, 95% CI (1.4 to 1.6)), a somatic disorder diagnosis (HR=4.1, 95% CI (3.9–4.1) and HR=1.4, 95% CI (1.3–1.5)), all-cause mortality (HR=13.3, 95% CI (10.6–16.7) and HR=2.2, 95% CI (1.5–3.0)) and suicide (HR=9.2, 95% CI (4.3–19.8) and HR=1.7, 95% CI (1.0–2.9)). Conclusions The first 3 years following psychiatric hospital admission of young people is a period of high risk for self-harm, somatic disorders and premature mortality. Clinical implications Attention to these negative outcomes urgently needs to be incorporated in aftercare policies

Increased Risk of Hospitalization for Pancreatic Cancer in the First 8 Years after a Gestational Diabetes Mellitus regardless of Subsequent Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Study.

The aim of this large retrospective cohort study was to use a quasi-exhaustive national medico-administrative database of deliveries in France to determine the risk of developing pancreatic cancer (PC) in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This nationwide population-based study included women aged 14-55 who gave birth between 1st January 2008 and 31 December 2009. The women were followed-up epidemiologically for eight years. Survival analyses using Cox regression models, adjusted for age, subsequent type 2 diabetes, and tobacco consumption, were performed on the time to occurrence of hospitalization for PC. The onset of GDM, tobacco consumption and subsequent type 2 diabetes were considered as time-dependent variables. Among 1,352,560 women included, 95,314 had a history of GDM (7.05%) and 126 women were hospitalized for PC (0.01%). Over the eight years of follow-up, GDM was significantly associated with a higher risk of hospitalization with PC in the first Cox regression model adjusted for age and subsequent type 2 diabetes (HR = 1.81 95% CI [1.06-3.10]). The second Cox regression model adjusted for the same covariates, plus tobacco consumption, showed that GDM was still significantly associated with a higher risk of hospitalization for PC with nearly the same estimated risk (HR = 1.77 95% CI [1.03-3.03]). Gestational diabetes was significantly associated with a greater risk of hospital admission for pancreatic cancer within eight years, regardless of subsequent type 2 diabetes

Early cardiovascular events in women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus

International audienceBackground: The effect of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is not assessed within the first 10 years postpartum, regardless of subsequent diabetes. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of CVD events related to GDM within 7 years of postpartum.Methods: This nationwide population-based study of deliveries in 2007 and 2008 with a follow-up of 7 years was based on data from the French medico-administrative database. Two groups were formed: women with a history of GDM and women without GDM or previous diabetes. CVD included angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart bypass surgery, coronary angioplasty, carotid endarterectomy and fibrinolysis. Hypertensive disease was assessed separately. Determinants studied included age, obesity, subsequent diabetes mellitus and hypertensive diseases during pregnancy. Adjusted odds ratios for outcomes were calculated using multiple logistic regressions.Results: The hospital database recorded 1,518,990 deliveries in 2007 and 2008. Among these, 62,958 women had a history of GDM. After adjusting for age, DM, obesity and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, GDM was significantly associated with a higher risk of CVD (adjusted Odds Ratio aOR = 1.25 [1.09-1.43]). Considering each variable in a separate model, GDM was associated with angina pectoris (aOR = 1.68 [1.29-2.20]), myocardial infarction (aOR = 1.92 [1.36-2.71]) and hypertension (aOR = 2.72 [2.58-2.88]) but not with stroke.Conclusions: A history of GDM was identified as a risk factor of CVD, especially coronary vascular diseases, within the 7 years postpartum. A lifestyle changes from postpartum onwards can be recommended and supported

Episiotomy practices in France: epidemiology and risk factors in non-operative vaginal deliveries

Episiotomy use has decreased due to the lack of evidence on its protective effects from maternal obstetric anal sphincter injuries. Indications for episiotomy vary considerably and there are a great variety of factors associated with its use. The aim of this article is to describe the episiotomy rate in France between 2013 and 2017 and the factors associated with its use in non-operative vaginal deliveries. In this retrospective population-based cohort study, we included vaginal deliveries performed in French hospitals (N= 584) and for which parity was coded. The variable of interest was the rate of episiotomy, particularly for non-operative vaginal deliveries. Trends in the episiotomy rates were studied using the Cochran-Armitage test. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with episiotomy according to maternal age and parity. Between 2013 and 2017, French episiotomy rates fell from 21.6 to 14.3% for all vaginal deliveries (p< 0.01), and from 15.5 to 9.3% (p< 0.01) for all non-operative vaginal deliveries. Among non-operative vaginal deliveries, epidural analgesia, non-reassuring fetal heart rate, meconium in the amniotic fluid, shoulder dystocia, and newborn weight (≥4,000 g) were risk factors for episiotomy, both for nulliparous and multiparous women. On the contrary, prematurity reduced the risk of its use. For nulliparous women, breech presentation was also a risk factor for episiotomy, and for multiparous women, scarred uterus and multiple pregnancies were risk factors. In France, despite a reduction in episiotomy use over the last few years, the factors associated with episiotomy have not changed and are similar to the literature. This suggests that the decrease in episiotomies in France is an overall tendency which is probably related to improved care strategies that have been relayed by hospital teams and perinatal networks

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf

PURPOSE: Access to claims databases provides an opportunity to study medication use and safety during pregnancy. We developed an algorithm to identify pregnancy episodes in the French health care databases and applied it to study antiepileptic drug (AED) use during pregnancy between 2007 and 2014. METHODS: The algorithm searched the French health care databases for discharge diagnoses and medical procedures indicative of completion of a pregnancy. To differentiate claims associated with separate pregnancies, an interval of at least 28 weeks was required between 2 consecutive pregnancies resulting in a birth and 6 weeks for terminations of pregnancy. Pregnancy outcomes were categorized into live births, stillbirths, elective abortions, therapeutic abortions, spontaneous abortions, and ectopic pregnancies. Outcome dates and gestational ages were used to calculate pregnancy start dates. RESULTS: According to our algorithm, live birth was the most common pregnancy outcome (73.9%), followed by elective abortion (17.2%), spontaneous abortion (4.2%), ectopic pregnancy (1.1%), therapeutic abortion (1.0%), and stillbirth (0.4%). These results were globally consistent with French official data. Among 7 559 701 pregnancies starting between 2007 and 2014, corresponding to 4 900 139 women, 6.7 per 1000 pregnancies were exposed to an AED. The number of pregnancies exposed to older AEDs, comprising the most teratogenic AEDs, decreased throughout the study period (-69.4%), while the use of newer AEDs increased (+73.4%). CONCLUSIONS: We have developed an algorithm that allows identification of a large number of pregnancies and all types of pregnancy outcomes. Pregnancy outcome and start dates were accurately identified, and maternal data could be linked to neonatal data

How did episiotomy rates change from 2007 to 2014? Population-based study in France

International audienceBACKGROUND: Since the 2000s, selective episiotomy has been systematically recommended worldwide. In France, the recommended episiotomy rate in vaginal deliveries is less than 30%. The aims of this study were to describe the evolution of episiotomy rates between 2007 and 2014, especially for vaginal deliveries without instrumental assistance and to assess individual characteristics and birth environment factors associated with episiotomy.METHODS: This population-based study included all hospital discharge abstracts for all deliveries in France from 2007 to 2014. The use of episiotomy in vaginal deliveries was identified by one code in the French Common Classification of Medical Procedures. The episiotomy rate per department and its evolution is described from 2007 to 2014. A mixed model was used to assess associations with episiotomy for non-operative vaginal deliveries and the risk factors related to the women's characteristics and the birth environment.RESULTS: There were approximately 540,000 non-operative vaginal deliveries per year, in the study period. The national episiotomy rate for vaginal deliveries overall significantly decreased from 26.7% in 2007 to 19.9% in 2014. For non-operative deliveries, this rate fell from 21.1% to 14.1%. For the latter, the use of episiotomy was significantly associated with breech vaginal delivery (aOR = 1.27 [1.23-1.30]), epidural analgesia (aOR = 1.45 [1.43-1.47]), non-reassuring fetal heart rate (aOR = 1.47 [1.47-1.49]), and giving birth for the first time (aOR = 3.85 [3.84-4.00]).CONCLUSIONS: The episiotomy rate decreased throughout France, for vaginal deliveries overall and for non-operative vaginal deliveries. This decrease is probably due to proactive changes in practices to restrict the number of episiotomies, which should be performed only if beneficial to the mother and the infant

Intérêt des bases de données médico-administratives dans l'évaluation du dépistage, de la surveillance et des complications du diabète

Diabetes is a priority health target worldwide. Access to conclusive data is equally a priority in order to establish clear objectives and to implement coordinated action. Medico-administrative databases are being used more and more frequently for this purpose. We set out to illustrate and assess the interest of using a French healthcare consumption database to evaluate screening, surveillance and the risk of acute or chronic complications of diabetes in certain at-risk populations. We concluded that early screening for type-2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes was inadequate. Although a slight improvement occurred following the recommendations published in 2010, one woman in two has no screening test in the first year following the pregnancy.Recommended screening for type-2 diabetes following myocardial infarction in the general population is seriously insufficient. At the time of cardiac rehabilitation, 97% of patients were screening for type-2 diabetes screening and 40% of these are diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes. After stroke, surveillance of diabetes remains poor. In the least severe cases of stroke, it seems that the control of risk factors for recurrence is an integral part of the management of the cerebrovascular disease. We showed that women with gestational diabetes have a risk of early cardiovascular complications and that young persons with type-1 diabetes and schizophrenia have a risk of rehospitalisation for acute complications. Prevention policies for diabetes could be improved if they were based on opportunities to create strong partnerships involving actors from different sectors. The use of medico-administrative databases and observational studies has extended our knowledge of diabetes. However, before being used, data quality and the pertinence of selection algorithms must be evaluated, and it must be shown that the methods used for the statistical analysis are appropriate.Le diabète constitue une des cibles mondiales prioritaires. Le besoin de définir des priorités, d’élaborer des objectifs clairs et de mener des actions coordonnées rend tout aussi prioritaire l’accès aux données probantes. Les bases de données médico-administratives sont de plus en plus utilisées à ses fins. Nous avons choisi d’illustrer et d’évaluer l’intérêt de la base française de données de consommation de soins dans l’évaluation du dépistage, de la surveillance et des risques de complications aigues ou chroniques du diabète dans certaines populations à risque. Nous avons conclu à l’insuffisance du dépistage précoce du diabète de type 2 chez des femmes ayant un antécédent de diabète gestationnel. Si une légère augmentation s’est produite après les recommandations en 2010, une femme sur deux ne réalise aucun dépistage dans la première année suivant la grossesse. Après un infarctus du myocarde, le dépistage préconisé du diabète de type 2 est très insuffisant en population générale. La prescription du test de dépistage au moment de la réadaptation cardiaque crée une forte implication, avec un taux de dépistage de 97% des patients, pour un diagnostic de diabète ou prédiabète chez 40% d’entre eux. Après un accident vasculaire cérébral, la surveillance du diabète reste faible. Le contrôle du risque de récidive semble s’intégrer pleinement à la prise en charge de la maladie cérébrovasculaire dans les cas les moins lourds. Le risque précoce de complications cardiovasculaires après un diabète gestationnel et de réhospitalisation pour complications aigues chez les personnes jeunes, atteintes de diabète de type 1 et de schizophrénie a pu être démontré. La politique de prévention du diabète s’appuyant sur un plaidoyer offrirait l’opportunité de créer des coalitions fortes entre des partenaires aux intérêts divers. L’usage des bases de données médico-administratives et des études observationnelles a prouvé sa capacité à augmenter nos connaissances sur le diabète. Il implique l’évaluation préalable de la qualité des données et des algorithmes de sélection, la mise en œuvre de méthodes d’analyse statistique appropriées

Use of hospital and amubutory data in assessment of screnning, follow-up and complications of diabetes mellitus

Le diabète constitue une des cibles mondiales prioritaires. Le besoin de définir des priorités, d’élaborer des objectifs clairs et de mener des actions coordonnées rend tout aussi prioritaire l’accès aux données probantes. Les bases de données médico-administratives sont de plus en plus utilisées à ses fins. Nous avons choisi d’illustrer et d’évaluer l’intérêt de la base française de données de consommation de soins dans l’évaluation du dépistage, de la surveillance et des risques de complications aigues ou chroniques du diabète dans certaines populations à risque. Nous avons conclu à l’insuffisance du dépistage précoce du diabète de type 2 chez des femmes ayant un antécédent de diabète gestationnel. Si une légère augmentation s’est produite après les recommandations en 2010, une femme sur deux ne réalise aucun dépistage dans la première année suivant la grossesse. Après un infarctus du myocarde, le dépistage préconisé du diabète de type 2 est très insuffisant en population générale. La prescription du test de dépistage au moment de la réadaptation cardiaque crée une forte implication, avec un taux de dépistage de 97% des patients, pour un diagnostic de diabète ou prédiabète chez 40% d’entre eux. Après un accident vasculaire cérébral, la surveillance du diabète reste faible. Le contrôle du risque de récidive semble s’intégrer pleinement à la prise en charge de la maladie cérébrovasculaire dans les cas les moins lourds. Le risque précoce de complications cardiovasculaires après un diabète gestationnel et de réhospitalisation pour complications aigues chez les personnes jeunes, atteintes de diabète de type 1 et de schizophrénie a pu être démontré. La politique de prévention du diabète s’appuyant sur un plaidoyer offrirait l’opportunité de créer des coalitions fortes entre des partenaires aux intérêts divers. L’usage des bases de données médico-administratives et des études observationnelles a prouvé sa capacité à augmenter nos connaissances sur le diabète. Il implique l’évaluation préalable de la qualité des données et des algorithmes de sélection, la mise en œuvre de méthodes d’analyse statistique appropriées.Diabetes is a priority health target worldwide. Access to conclusive data is equally a priority in order to establish clear objectives and to implement coordinated action. Medico-administrative databases are being used more and more frequently for this purpose. We set out to illustrate and assess the interest of using a French healthcare consumption database to evaluate screening, surveillance and the risk of acute or chronic complications of diabetes in certain at-risk populations. We concluded that early screening for type-2 diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes was inadequate. Although a slight improvement occurred following the recommendations published in 2010, one woman in two has no screening test in the first year following the pregnancy.Recommended screening for type-2 diabetes following myocardial infarction in the general population is seriously insufficient. At the time of cardiac rehabilitation, 97% of patients were screening for type-2 diabetes screening and 40% of these are diagnosed with diabetes or prediabetes. After stroke, surveillance of diabetes remains poor. In the least severe cases of stroke, it seems that the control of risk factors for recurrence is an integral part of the management of the cerebrovascular disease. We showed that women with gestational diabetes have a risk of early cardiovascular complications and that young persons with type-1 diabetes and schizophrenia have a risk of rehospitalisation for acute complications. Prevention policies for diabetes could be improved if they were based on opportunities to create strong partnerships involving actors from different sectors. The use of medico-administrative databases and observational studies has extended our knowledge of diabetes. However, before being used, data quality and the pertinence of selection algorithms must be evaluated, and it must be shown that the methods used for the statistical analysis are appropriate

Self-harm hospitalization following bariatric surgery in adolescents and young adults

International audienceBackground: While bariatric surgery has demonstrated physical and psychological benefits, a risk of suicide and non-fatal self-harm has also been shown. The aim of this study was to compared the rate of hospitalization for self-harm during a three-year observational follow-up period between adolescents/young adults who underwent bariatric surgery in France in 2013–2014 and two control groups. Methods: All individuals aged 12–25 years old who underwent bariatric surgery in France between January 1st, 2013, and December 31st, 2014, were identified with a validated algorithm from the French national hospital database, and compared to a healthy sample of the general population matched for age and gender. Information relative to hospitalizations, including for self-harm (ICD-10 codes X60-84), were extracted i) between 2008 and the surgery, and ii) for a three-year follow-up period. A second unmatched control group with obesity but no bariatric surgery was also identified. Survival analyses with adjustments for confounding variables were used. Results: In 2013–2014, 1984 youths had bariatric surgery in France. During follow-up, 1.5% were hospitalized for self-harm vs. 0.3% for controls (p < 0.0001). After adjustment, subsequent hospitalization for self-harm was associated with bariatric surgery (HR 3.64, 95% CI 1.70–7.81), prior psychiatric disorders (HR 7.76, 95% CI 3.76–16.01), and prior self-harm (HR 4.43, 95% CI 1.75–11.24). When compared to non-operated youths with obesity, bariatric surgery was not associated with self-harm while prior mental disorders and self-harm were. Mortality reached 0.3% after surgery. Conclusions: Bariatric surgery is associated with an increased risk of self-harm, mainly in relation to preexisting psychological conditions. Vigilance and appropriate care are thus warranted in vulnerable individuals