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Immobilization of monocentric and polycentric types of anaerobic chytrid fungi in Ca-alginate

A procedure for the immobilization of rhizomycelia of two strains of anaerobic fungi, namely, Piromyces sp. KSX1 and Orpinomyces sp, 478P1 using Ca-alginate beads has been developed. Zoospores were found to be suitable propagules for the immobilization of the monocentric strain KSX1 giving rise to colonization in 100% of beads. For polycentric strain 478P1, which produced very few zoospores, partially homogenized rhizomycelia proved a suitable inoculum for the beads. The distribution of rhizomycelial growth inside the beads whereas strain KSZ1 grew in microcolonies throughout the bead and on the surface, and was unable to evenly colonize the entire Ca-alginate matrix

A Biologically Constrained Model of Semantic Memory Search

The semantic fluency task has been used to understand the ef-fects of semantic relationships on human memory search. Avariety of computational models have been proposed that ex-plain human behavioral data, yet it remains unclear how mil-lions of spiking neurons work in unison to realize the cogni-tive processes involved in memory search. In this paper, wepresent a biologically constrained neural network model thatperforms the task in a fashion similar to humans. The modelreproduces experimentally observed response timing effects,as well as similarity trends within and across semantic cate-gories derived from responses. Three different sources of theassociation data have been tested by embedding associationsin neural connections, with free association norms providingthe best match

National comparative audit of red blood cell transfusion practice in hospices: Recommendations for palliative care practice

Background: Red blood cell transfusions are commonly used in palliative care to treat anaemia or symptoms caused by anaemia. In patients with advanced disease, there is little evidence of benefit to guide treatment decisions in the face of increased risk of harms. Aim: To determine national transfusion practice in hospices and compare this against National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and British Society of Haematology guidelines to develop recommendations to improve practice. Design and Setting: Prospective data collection on red blood cell transfusion practice in UK adult hospices over a 3-month census period. Results: A total of 121/210 (58%) hospices participated. A total of 465 transfusion episodes occurred in 83 hospices. Patients had a mean age of 71 years, and 96% had cancer. Mean pre-transfusion haemoglobin was 75 g/L (standard deviation = 11.15). Anaemia of chronic disease was the largest cause of anaemia (176; 38%); potentially amenable to alternative treatments. Haematinics were not checked in 70% of patients. Alternative treatments such as B12, folate and iron were rarely used. Despite transfusion-associated circulatory overload risk, 85% of patients were not weighed, and 84% had two or more units transfused. Only 83 (18%) patients had an improvement maintained at 30 days; 142 (31%) had <14 day improvement, and 50 (11%) had no improvement. A total of 150 patients (32%) were dead at 30 days. Conclusion: More rigorous investigation of anaemia, increased use of alternative therapies and more restrictive approach to red cell transfusions are recommended. Clinicians should discuss the limited benefit versus potentially higher risks with patients in hospice services to inform treatment decisions