La ley penal en el tiempo. Fundamentos, alcances y límites de vigencia

El presente estudio tiene, precisamente, -entre otras metas- por objeto cuestionar estos y otros tópicos asociados a la dinámica de la sucesión de normas penales en el tiempo, pues en el contexto que vivimos hoy, diametralmente diferente a la época de la Ilustración, se hace impostergable actualizar los fundamentos, alcances y límites de vigencia de la aplicación de ley penal en el tiempo. Para ello, se invita a evitar una férrea e irreflexiva resistencia al Derecho penal moderno, postulando a su vez la imposibilidad de construir un nuevo Derecho penal fuera de los derroteros del Derecho penal clásico. En este orden de ideas, el planteamiento central del presente trabajo es que se debe procurar i) alcanzar el grado máximo de neutralidad a la hora de seleccionar la ley aplicable ante una sucesión de normas penales en el tiempo, así como ii) buscar un punto de equilibrio -en aquellos ámbitos posibles- entre los derechos e intereses de los actores involucrados en el conflicto penal. De ambas premisas, dependerá la capacidad de rendimiento de los principios que ordenan la sucesión de leyes en el tiempo en la configuración actual del Derecho penal. Para la consecución de tales fines, en la Sección Primera, se revisará, como punto de partida, la cronología histórica y estado actual de la cuestión del principio de legalidad penal: base del Derecho penal intertemporal, ya que ordena, controla y regula la potestad punitiva del Estado, reforzando la seguridad jurídica a la hora de tener que elegir una norma, entre muchas, potencialmente aplicable. Al final de ese recorrido, se expondrán los rasgos característicos del moderno Derecho penal, para por último hacer un balance y propuesta sobre hacia dónde debe ir el mismo

Propuesta de rediseño del proceso de abastecimiento de materiales de la empresa INDUMIL, para integrar y alinear las actividades logísticas y de cadena de suministro

Ingeniero (a) IndustrialPregrad

Discriminación laboral: el rol del atractivo físico en las ciudades de Cuenca, Guayaquil y Quito

La presente investigación, muestra el efecto del atractivo físico en los procesos de selección de personal para las ciudades de Cuenca, Guayaquil y Quito. Se utilizó la metodología experimental Audit Study como mecanismo alterno de recolección de información en cuanto a procesos discriminatorios en los mercados laborales de las tres ciudades. En primer lugar, se contó con la participación de 8 ojeadores quienes clasificaron 50 fotografías de acuerdo a su nivel de atractivo físico. A continuación, se procedió a construir hojas de vida con equivalencia en su contenido, alternando las fotografías seleccionadas de manera aleatoria. Dentro de este marco, las hojas de vida (HVs) fueron enviadas por correo electrónico hacia los anuncios de empleo. Adicionalmente, y debido a que en este estudio se tuvo el control de ciertas variables, el efecto de las mismas fue medido en función de la tasa de respuesta de la hoja de vida (HV). Los resultados obtenidos muestran una intención de contratación mayor para individuos (sea hombre y mujer) con niveles de atractivo físico alto. En cuanto al sexo, los reclutadores optaron por preferir a individuos del sexo masculino. En relación con la interacción de estas dos variables se muestra que el atractivo físico es más influyente para las mujeres. Finalmente, se encontró evidencia de una mayor intención de contratación para ocupaciones laborales no profesionales.The present investigation, demonstrates the effect of the physical attraction in the selection processes of employees for the cities of Cuenca, Guayaquil, and Quito. The experimental methodology Audit Study was used as an alternative mechanism for collecting information regarding discriminatory processes in the labor markets of the three cities. First, there was the participation of 8 observers who classified 50 photographs according to their level of physical attractiveness. Next, we proceeded to build resumes with equivalence in their content, alternating the selected photographs in a random way. Within this framework, the curriculum vitae were sent by email to job advertisements. Additionally, and because this study had control of certain variables, the effect of these variables was a function of the response rate of the curriculum vitae. The results obtained show a greater intention of hiring for individuals (male and female) with levels of high physical attractiveness. Regarding sex, recruiters chose to prefer male individuals. In relation to the interaction of these two variables, it is shown that physical attractiveness is more influential for women. Finally, there was evidence of a greater intention to hire for non-professional work occupations.EconomistaCuenc

Biochemical composition of temperate and Arctic populations of Saccharina latissima after exposure to increased pCO2 and temperature reveals ecotypic variation

Previous research suggested that the polar and temperate populations of the kelp Saccharina latissima represent different ecotypes. The ecotypic differentiation might also be reflected in their biochemical composition (BC) under changing temperatures and pCO2. Accordingly, it was tested if the BC of Arctic (Spitsbergen) and temperate S. latissima (Helgoland) is different and if they are differently affected by changes in temperature and pCO2. Thalli from Helgoland grown at 17 °C and 10 °C and from Spitsbergen at 10 °C and 4 °C were all tested at either 380, 800, or 1,500 latm pCO2, and total C-, total N-, protein,soluble carbohydrate, and lipid content, as well as C/Nratio were measured. At 10 °C, the Arctic population had a higher content of total C, soluble carbohydrates, and lipids, whereas the N- and protein content was lower. At the lower tested temperature, the Arctic ecotype had particularly higher contents of lipids, while content of soluble carbohydrates increased in the Helgoland population only. In Helgoland-thalli, elevated pCO2 caused a higher content of soluble carbohydrates at 17 °C but lowered the content of N and lipids and increased the C/N-ratio at 10 °C. Elevated pCO2 alone did not affect the BC of the Spitsbergen population. Conclusively, the Arctic ecotype was more resilient to increased pCO2 than the temperate one, and both ecotypes differed in their response pattern to temperature. This differential pattern is discussed in the context of the adaptation of the Arctic ecotype to low temperature and the polar night

CONSTRUCCIÓN Y ANÁLISIS DE FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE UN ESPEJO RETROVISOR POSTERIOR PARA UNA CAMIONETA

La necesidad de espejos retrovisores en automóviles ha tenido cambios innovadores que benefician a su conductor, brindando una elegante apariencia en el vehículo como también mayor seguridad sus ocupantes. Las camionetas tienen el inconveniente de no tener un correcto ángulo de visión por parte del conductor hacia su parte trasera (balde) al momento de estacionarse, provocando en la mayoría de casos choques con otros objetos.  En el desarrollo de este trabajo se construye y analiza la posibilidad de incorporar en el mercado nacional un espejo retrovisor ubicado en la parte trasera de una camioneta que aumente la visibilidad de la parte posterior al momento de estacionar. Se detalla los materiales de su fabricación como también el comportamiento del mismo en el vehículo. Se analiza costo de producción y la necesidad del producto en el mercado local para su posible producción. El retrovisor para camionetas tiene gran acogida debido que es una herramienta necesaria para evitar chocar con cualquier elemento que se encuentre detrás de una camioneta, y a un bajo costo

Removal of Penile Spicules of Covies (Cavia porcellus) and its Effect on Weight Gain and Aggressiveness

This research took place on Irquis Farm, University of Cuenca, Victoria del Portete parish, Cuenca canton, prov-ince of Anzuay, Ecuador. The effects of penile spicule extirpation on weight gain and aggressiveness, and damage caused to the carcass at the beginning of growing/fattening were studied. The study consisted of three treatments: whole animals without castration, used as controls (T1); animals with extirpation of the glans´s spicules (T2); and chemically castrated animals, using 0.5 ml of 2% alcohol with iodine, directly injected in each testicle (T3). A total of 90 animals were included, following a randomized block design with six treatments and five replicas. The diet consisted of forage mixture of 33-35% dry matter, and a commercial feed supplement administered ad libitum. A co-variance analysis (ANACOVA) was made using the initial weight as co-variable. The final weight was significantly influenced by the treatment; the Tukey´s test resulted in higher final weight in T2, followed by T1. Their behavior was significantly different from T3 (P < 0.05). In relation to aggressiveness expressed in carcass damage, no signifi-cant differences were observed, according to Chi-square test (P > 0.05)

Decreased pre-surgical CD34+/CD144+ cell number in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting compared to coronary artery disease-free valvular patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cardiovascular disease has been linked to endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) depletion and functional impairment in atherosclerosis and aortic stenosis. EPCs may play a pivotal role in vascular grafting. However, the EPC depletion in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients has not been compared to coronary artery disease-free valvular replacement patients with aortic stenosis.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We aimed to assess the basal number of CD34⁺/KDR⁺and CD34⁺/CD144⁺cells in CABG patients, compared to aortic stenosis valvular replacement patients. 100 patients (51 CABG and 49 valvular surgery ones) were included in the present study. All CABG or valvular patients had angiographic demonstration of the presence or the absence of coronary artery disease, respectively. Numbers of CD34⁺/KDR⁺and CD34⁺/CD144⁺were assessed by flow cytometry of pre-surgical blood samples.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found a lower number of CD34⁺/CD144⁺cells in CABG patients compared to valvular patients (0.21 ± 0.03% vs. 0.47 ± 0.08%), and this difference remained statistically significant after the <it>P </it>was adjusted for multiple comparisons (<it>P </it>= 0.01428). Both groups had more EPCs than healthy controls.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Pre-surgical CD34⁺/CD144⁺numbers are decreased in CABG patients, compared to valvular patients with absence of coronary disease.</p

Spectral Observations of Optical Emissions Associated With Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes

The Atmosphere-Space Interactions Monitor measures Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes (TGFs) simultaneously with optical emissions from associated lightning activity. We analyzed optical measurements at 180–230, 337, and 777.4 nm related to 69 TGFs observed between June 2018 and October 2019. All TGFs are associated with optical emissions and 90% of them are at the onset of a large optical pulse, suggesting that they are connected with the initiation of current surges. A model of photon delay induced by cloud scattering suggests that the sources of the optical pulses are from 0.7 ms before to 4.4 ms after the TGFs, with a median of −10 ± 80 µs, and 1–5 km below the cloud top. The pulses have rise times comparable to lightning but longer durations. Pulse amplitudes at 337 nm are ∼3 times larger than at 777.4 nm. The results support the leader-streamer mechanism for TGF generation.publishedVersio

Effects of increased co2 in the carbon budget and the photosynthetic yield of the arctic seaweeds alaria esculenta and desmarestia aculeata

The physiological acclimation to increased pCO2 (1300 ppm) of two common Arctic seaweeds from Kongsfjord (Svalbard) was analysed under laboratory conditions after 7 days of incubation. Growth rate changed in both species as a result of a reorganization of the carbon budget of the cell. Since increased CO2 have the potential to modify physiological mechanisms in different ways for each species, it is expected that it may lead to changes at the seaweeds community level that could alter the whole food web.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech