Influence of sport-practice-hours on burnout and coping in table tennis players

The aim of this research was to analyse burnout (estimated by emotional and physical exhaustion) and coping (as estimated by the need to seek support) in relation to the number of sport-practice-hours undertaken by table tennis players of various levels of success. A sample of 180 Spanish table tennis players (mean age = 33.87 years; SD = 16.64; 149 men and 31 women) voluntarily participated in the study and filled out a series of self-report questionnaires. The results revealed that there was a significant difference among table tennis players on emotional and physical exhaustion (p < 0.01) with players who practiced more than ten hours reporting higher levels of emotional and physical exhaustion. There was a significant difference in coping behaviour (p < 0.01) with players who practiced more than 10 hours reporting the greatest need. Finally, players who played at a higher level (nationally or internationally) had a greater number of hours of training. It is concluded that players and coaches should take account of the time spent in sport-practice should because it can increase burnout levels in table tennis players. Moreover, coping skills could be influenced by sport-practice-hours, but further research should clarify these outcomes

Estilos educativos parentales percibidos y orden de nacimiento en deportistas

The objective of this research was to know the differences in perceived parental educational styles in athletes and physical activity practitioners in function of birth order. The sample consisted of 492 Spanish athletes and physical activity practitioners. To measure the different variables were used, an ad hoc sociodemographic questionnaire, the Multifactor Self-Assessment Test of Child Adjustment and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response. The results showed higher levels of maternal permissiveness (p&lt;.05) and paternal restriction (p&lt;.05) in athletes and physical activity practitioners firstborn and only children. On the other hand, when only athletes were examined, the results showed higher levels of mother permissiveness (p&lt;.05), in firstborn and only children. When physical activity practitioners were analysed, there no significant differences (p&gt;.05) were found between parental educational style variables and the birth position of the children. It was concluded that athletes and physical activity practitioners born in first place received an education with greater mother permissiveness and father restriction.El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer las diferencias en los estilos educativos parentales percibidos en deportistas y practicantes de actividad física en función del orden de nacimiento. La muestra se compuso de 492 deportistas y practicantes de actividad física españoles. Se utilizó un cuestionario sociodemográfico ad hoc, el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil y la Escala de Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta. Los resultados mostraron mayores niveles de permisivismo materno (p&lt;.01) y restricción paterna (p&lt;.05) en los deportistas y practicantes de actividad física primogénitos e hijos únicos. Por otro lado, cuando se examinó solamente a los deportistas, los resultados mostraron mayores niveles de permisivismo materno (p&lt;.05), en los deportistas primogénitos e hijos únicos. Cuando se analizó a los practicantes de actividad física, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p&gt;.05) entre las variables de estilos educativos y la posición de nacimiento de los hijos. Se concluyó que los deportistas y practicantes de actividad física primogénitos e hijos únicos recibieron una educación con mayor permisivismo materno y restricción paterna

Estilos educativos percibidos por deportistas consumidores de tabaco y cánnabis

Obj etivo. Conocer las diferencias en los estilos educativos parentales percibidos por deportistas consumidores de tabaco y cánnabis. Método. La muestra fue de 502 deportistas españoles con una edad media de 27.76 (DE = 9.11). Para analizar los estilos educativos parentales se aplicó el Test Autoevaluativo Multifactorial de Adaptación Infantil (TAMAI); y para excluir del estudio a los participantes aquiescentes se utilizó la Escala de Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta (INF-OV). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal. La selección de la muestra se llevó a cabo en línea a través de Google Forms. Resultados. Los deportistas que no consumen tabaco (t = -2.53, p &lt; 0.05) ni cánnabis (t = -3.26, p &lt; 0.01) obtuvieron mayor proteccionismo del padre en la prueba t de student. Los deportistas consumidores de cánnabis, en cambio, obtuvieron mayor restricción del padre (t = 2.40, p &lt; 0.05) en la prueba t de student. En la regresión logística binaria, se identifi có una relación entre el no consumo de tabaco diario (OR = 0.39, p &lt; 0.01) y el no consumo de cánnabis (OR = 0.74, p &lt; 0.01) con el proteccionismo paterno. Conclusión. El proteccionismo paterno puede ser un factor protector en el consumo de tabaco y cánnabis en deportistas, mientras que la restricción paterna puede ser un factor que facilite el consumo de cánnabis

Group cohesion profiles in athletes: Relationships with two waves of coping and affects in competition

The study aimed to identify group cohesion profiles in athletes and examine whether athletes from distinct profiles significantly differed in affects and coping in competition. A total of 296 competitive athletes participated in the study and completed a series of self-report questionnaires in a temporal design with different measurement points. The athletes completed the questionnaires 2 days before competition, 2 h prior to competition and 2 h after competition. Results from latent profile analysis (LPA) model revealed that three profiles were the most suitable solution: (a) Low group cohesion profile, (b) a mixed group cohesion profile and (c) a high cohesion profile. In particular, (c) athletes from the high group cohesion profile revealed lower scores in intensity of negative affects after the competition, lower precompetitive relaxation, lower precompetitive mental distancing, lower precompetitive mental distraction, lower intracompetitive relaxation, lower intracompetitive logical analysis, lower intracompetitive mental distancing, lower intracompetitive mental distraction and lower intracompetitive disengagement. As a whole, the (b) mixed group cohesion profile revealed the worst combination of the three profiles in terms of coping strategies, which may be a profile at risk of not performing in competition. Thus, it is necessary to understand group cohesion as a multivariate experience for a better comprehension of this phenomenon

Precompetitive anxiety profiles in runners: Differences in the running motives

The study aimed to identify precompetitive anxiety profiles and analyze the impact of those profiles in their reasons to adhere to running. A sample of 473 Spanish Amateur Athletes participated in the study. Results revealed the emergence of three profiles: (a) a high precompetitive anxiety profile characterized by high cognitive and somatic anxiety and low self-confidence; (b) a precompetitive medium-low anxiety profile characterized by medium-low scores in cognitive and somatic anxiety and medium self-confidence; (c) a precompetitive low anxiety profile characterized by low scores in cognitive and somatic anxiety and medium self-confidence. Results showed that most of the working runners, who participate in ten-kilometer races, who practice three days a week, and most experienced runners, belonged to the extremely low anxiety profile. In conclusion, the precompetitive low anxiety profile reported the most suited outcomes which mean that is a more adaptive profile

Perceived Coach Leadership Profiles and Relationship With Burnout, Coping, and Emotions

The aims of the study were to identify coach profiles and examine whether participants from distinct profiles significantly differed on burnout, emotions, and coping or not. A sample of 268 athletes (Mage D 29.34; SD = 12.37) completed a series of self-reported questionnaires. Cluster analyses revealed two coach leadership profiles: (a) profile 1 with high scores of training and instruction, authoritarian behavior, social support, and positive feedback, and a low score of democratic behavior; and (b) profile 2 with low levels in training and instruction, authoritarian behavior, social support, and positive feedback and high levels in democratic behavior. Results of Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) indicated significant differences across coach profiles on reduced accomplishment, sport devaluation, happiness and seeking support and marginal differences on dejection, logical analysis, imagery/thought control, and excitement. Moreover, coach leadership profiles were not confounded by demographic variables (level of competition, gender, age, number of practice hours, professional versus no professional athletes). As a conclusion, the profile approach offered a holistic way to examine coach leadership in sport as two distinct coach profiles emerged from the cluster analyses with an unexpected combination of coach leadership dimensions.post-print249 K

Validation of the motivation scale towards Health-Oriented physical activity (EMAPS) in Spanish Population

The aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the motivation scale towards health-oriented physical activity (EMAPS) in the Spanish Population. A sample of 808 participants (Mage = 33.90; SD = 12.91; 366 men and 440 women), participated to ensure the structural, methodological, and external correlates of EMAPS scale validation. Results of the structural stage of analyses confirmed 6 dimensions of EMAPS (i.e., intrinsic motivation, integrated regulation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, external regulation and amotivation). In conclusion, results provided evidence for the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the EMAPS scores. Thus, this instrument may serve to provide a measure of the motivation towards health-oriented physical activity purposes in the Spanish population

Familias numerosas e ira en deportistas y practicantes de actividad física

The objectives were: (a) To know the differences in anger in athletes and physical activity practitioners raised in large and non-numerous families; (b) Check the differences in anger in athletes raised in large families and not numer­ous; (c) Know the differences in anger in athletes raised in large families and not numerous with national successes. The sample consisted of 442 athletes and physical activity practitioners. To measure the different variables were used, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-II) and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV). The results showed significant differences in trait an­ger, temperament, internal anger expression and anger ex­pression index. When the group of athletes was analysed separately, excluding the physical activity practitioners’ group, the results showed significant differences in trait anger, temperament, external anger expression and anger expression index. On the other hand, athletes with national successes showed significant differences in anger reac­tion. It was concluded that athletes and physical activity practitioners grown up in large families have lower levels of anger than those of non-numerous families. Therefore, the number of siblings must be considered as a risk varia­ble in athletes who have high levels of this emotion.ResumenLos objetivos fueron: (a) Conocer las diferencias en la ira en deportistas y practicantes de actividad física criados en familias numerosas y no numerosas; (b) Comprobar las di­ferencias en la ira en deportistas criados en familias nume­rosas y no numerosas; (c) Conocer las diferencias en la ira en deportistas criados en familias numerosas y no nume­rosas con éxitos nacionales. La muestra fue 442 deportis­tas y practicantes de actividad física. Se utilizó el Inventa­rio de Expresión de Ira Estado-Rasgo (STAXI-II) y la Es­cala de Oviedo de Infrecuencia de Respuesta (INF-OV). Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en ira rasgo, temperamento, expresión interna e índice de expre­sión. Cuando se analizó al grupo de deportistas, exclu­yendo a los practicantes de actividad física, se encontraron diferencias significativas en ira rasgo, temperamento, ex­ ex­presión externa e índice de expresión. Por otra parte, los deportistas con éxitos nacionales mostraron diferencias significativas en la reacción de ira. Se concluyó que los deportistas y practicantes de actividad física criados en fa­milias numerosas pueden poseer menores niveles de ira que los de familias no numerosas. Por lo tanto, el número de hermanos ha de ser tenido en cuenta como variable de riesgo en los deportistas que presentan altos niveles de esta emoción.AbstractThe objectives were: (a) To know the differences in anger in athletes and physical activity practitioners raised in large and non-numerous families; (b) Check the differences in anger in athletes raised in large families and not numer­ous; (c) Know the differences in anger in athletes raised in large families and not numerous with national successes. The sample consisted of 442 athletes and physical activity practitioners. To measure the different variables were used, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-II) and the Oviedo Scale of Infrequency of Response (INF-OV). The results showed significant differences in trait an­ger, temperament, internal anger expression and anger ex­pression index. When the group of athletes was analysed separately, excluding the physical activity practitioners’ group, the results showed significant differences in trait anger, temperament, external anger expression and anger expression index. On the other hand, athletes with national successes showed significant differences in anger reac­tion. It was concluded that athletes and physical activity practitioners grown up in large families have lower levels of anger than those of non-numerous families. Therefore, the number of siblings must be considered as a risk varia­ble in athletes who have high levels of this emotion

Team Cohesion Profiles: Influence on the Development of Mental Skills and Stress Management

High-level sports competitions involve facing highly challenging situations. Athletes must maintain strong team cohesion with peers, have specific mental abilities, and high-stress control to overcome adversity and report high sports performance. This research aimed to identify team cohesion profiles and examine whether participants differed significantly in their mental abilities and stress management. The sample consisted of 146 promising and talented athletes from the Sports Talent Development of the Provincial Council of Guipúzcoa (Spain) (Mage = 20.08; SD = 4.68), who completed the questionnaire on Psychological Characteristics Related to Sports Performance (CPRD). Cluster ana-lyzes revealed three profiles; (a) profile with low team cohesion; (b) profile with average team cohesion; (c) profile with high team cohesion. Results showed significant differences in mental abilities (i.e., positive self-talk), and marginally significant differences in self-confidence, between the profiles. The best scores were re-ported in profile (b). In conclusion, the combination of low indi-vidualism, high social cohesion, and medium team spirit seems to be the most recommendable for promoting mental abilities and self-confidence in athletes' samples. As practical implications, the programs that train the mental abilities of athletes and control management should consider the importance of team cohesion to obtain improvements in the results of the competitions