Las imágenes de abusos sexuales a menores a la luz de la reforma del código penal por Ley Orgánica 1/2015

La aparición de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación, su generalización y continuo desarrollo han incidido de manera trascendental en la realización de determinadas actividades delictivas relacionadas con la sexualidad humana. El presente trabajo versa sobre el tratamiento legal de una de ellas, la relativa a la pornografía infantil, cuyo incriminación ha experimentado importantes cambios con la entrada en vigor de la LO 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, en la línea marcada por la Directiva del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo 2011/93/UE relativa a la lucha contra los abusos sexuales y la explotación sexual de los menores y la pornografía infantil y el Convenio del Consejo de Europa para la protección de los niños contra la explotación y el abuso sexual de 2007. No obstante, no se aborda aquí el análisis de todos los delitos relacionados con la pornografía infantil, sino aquellos específicamente centrados en las imágenes de abusos sexuales a menores que se encuentran tipificados en el artículo 189 del Código penal, cuya regulación ha experimentado destacables modificaciones como consecuencia de la adopción de un nuevo concepto de la pornografía infantil, con importantes repercusiones en las conductas incriminadas, y la aparición de nuevos tipos penales.The emergence, generalization and continuous development of information and communication technology have affected in a very important form the way certain criminal activities related to human sexuality are carried out. This article focuses on the legal treatment of one of them: child pornography. Acting in accordance with Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, of 13 December 2011, on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JHACouncil of Europe and the 2007 Convention of the Council of Europe on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse, the Penal Code reform by Criminal Law 1/2015, of 30 March, has made different modifications to criminal offences and sanctions in the area of child pornography. However, it is not addressed here the analysis of all crimes related to child pornography, but those specifically focused on images of sexual abuse of minors criminalized by 189 article, which has had some changes as the adoption of a new concept of child pornography, with important implications for the offending behavior, and the creation of new offences

El nuevo delito de acceso a niños con fines sexuales a través de las TIC

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal el análisis del delito de acceso a niños con fines sexuales a través de las TIC, una nueva figura delictiva fruto de la reforma del Código penal por LO 5/2010. A estos efectos se aborda el fenómeno de la preparación de menores para fines sexuales mediante la utilización de las TIC y su contemplación en el plano internacional como paso previo para un estudio más detenido del nuevo tipo penal en aras de ofrecer algunos criterios que ayuden a la interpretación de la nueva norma

Overall quality of sporting events and emotions as predictors of future intentions of Duathlon participants

[EN] The present study is intended to analyze the effect of global quality, perceived value, general satisfaction, and emotions on future behavior patterns among participants in the European Duathlon Championship. In this sense, a questionnaire was administered (n = 210), composed of four sections: essential demographic and profiling variables, perceived quality, overall quality, and emotions. Consequently, a relational model was designed to be examined by means of structural equation modeling (SEM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Results reveal that global quality and general satisfaction are key dimensions for determining future behaviors of participants, but not so the perceived value. Moreover, up to three combinations of these dimensions together with emotions -pleasure and arousal- emerged as enough for depicting future intentions to a great extent. In this line, a remarkably sufficient combination consists of global quality, general satisfaction, pleasure, and arousal. These findings will guide organizers to design strategies that provide exciting experiences, as well as quality and satisfaction to the participants of sports events.S

Experienced vs. Novice Participants Perception of Overall Quality and Intention to Join in Future Sport Trials: Case European Duathlon Championship

[EN] Even though athletes’ experience has been ascertained to shape the perception of quality in sports events, scarce studies have addressed this issue jointly with the intent to join in upcoming comparable sports challenges. (1) Background: The present research investigates how the experience determines the evaluation of the championship and future intentions. (2) Methods: The PLS (SEM) method was evaluated specifically for both novice and experienced duathlon participants, and secondly, the fsQCA methodology was applied with the intention to estimate combinatorial net effects to confirm the hypothesis proposed. (3) Results reveal that the overall quality is equally important for novice and experienced individuals as a determinant of future intentions. However, novices tend to value more positively all the dimensions analyzed, while experienced ones noted higher levels of demand. (4) These findings highlight the importance of designing adequate management strategies for the participants with different levels of performance.S

The impact of the COVID-19 confinement on the habits of PA practice according to gender (male/female): Spanish case

Producción CientíficaThe declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in drastic changes to life worldwide. In Spain, the state of alarm caused the confinement of 47 million inhabitants, affecting every aspect of life. This study analyzes the impact of such confinement on the health of men and women, as well as the effect on the practice of physical activity (PA) of both genders. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered. A total of 1046 people (48.57% men and 51.43% women) with an average age of 40 years (SD ± 13.35) participated in this study. For both genders, there was a significant decrease in quantity and intensity (p = 0.000). There was also an alteration in the type of PA practiced, shifting from cardiorespiratory exercise and muscular fitness to flexibility and neuromotor exercise (especially in women). The most popular way of practicing PA during the confinement was “autonomously” (statistically higher in men (M = 3.58) compared to women (M = 3.18)) and the most frequent format was “virtual” (statistically higher in women (M = 2.81) compared to men (M = 1.94)). Confinement modifies the habits of PA practice, especially in men. Both genders put their health and quality of life at risk by not following the PA guidelines of the health authorities World Health Organization (WHO) and American College of Sports Medicine ACSM). These conclusions highlight the importance of considering gender when designing programs and PA formats for the promotion of physical activity to reduce the existing gender divide

The impact of the COVID-19 confinement on the habits of PA practice according to gender (male/female): Spanish case

[EN] The declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in drastic changes to life worldwide. In Spain, the state of alarm caused the confinement of 47 million inhabitants, a ecting every aspect of life. This study analyzes the impact of such confinement on the health of men and women, as well as the e ect on the practice of physical activity (PA) of both genders. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered. A total of 1046 people (48.57% men and 51.43% women) with an average age of 40 years (SD 13.35) participated in this study. For both genders, there was a significant decrease in quantity and intensity (p = 0.000). There was also an alteration in the type of PA practiced, shifting from cardiorespiratory exercise and muscular fitness to flexibility and neuromotor exercise (especially in women). The most popular way of practicing PA during the confinement was “autonomously” (statistically higher in men (M = 3.58) compared to women (M = 3.18)) and the most frequent format was “virtual” (statistically higher in women (M = 2.81) compared to men (M = 1.94)). Confinement modifies the habits of PA practice, especially in men. Both genders put their health and quality of life at risk by not following the PA guidelines of the health authoritiesWorld Health Organization (WHO) and American College of Sports Medicine ACSM). These conclusions highlight the importance of considering gender when designing programs and PA formats for the promotion of physical activity to reduce the existing gender divide.S

Estudio preliminar para el diseño y validación de un cuestionario sobre la percepción de la seguridad según el sistema antivuelco de las porterías en eventos deportivos

The safety of the athletes is basic at sports events and the anti-tip system of the goalposts is an essential element to avoid injuries and accidents in handball/futsal. The objective of this study was to carry out a preliminary study of the design and validation of a new questionnaire to know the opinion of sports agents involved in sports events about the perception of the performance in the handball/futsal game with the goalpost anti-tip system. The content validation was carried out by means of a structured interview with 16 experts and the understanding validity to a sample of 60 participants in the 4 Nations International Handball Tournament held in 2019. Cronbach’s alpha on the items is .860 on a scale 0 -1, which indicates an adequate internal consistency of the items and Friedman’s χ2 test is p < .05, which indicates that individually each included question in the instrument provides relevant information, so this preliminary study indicates that the instrument could be considered valid and reliable to assess the opinion of sports agents on the goalpost anti-tip systemEn los eventos deportivos la seguridad de los deportis-tas es fundamental y el sistema antivuelco de las porte-rías es un elemento imprescindible para evitar lesiones y accidentes en el balonmano/futsal. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un estudio preliminar del diseño y validación de un nuevo cuestionario para conocer la opinión de los agentes implicados en los eventos de-portivos acerca de la percepción en el rendimiento del juego del balonmano/futsal del sistema antivuelco de las porterías. La validación de contenido se ha llevado a cabo a través de dieciséis expertos mediante entrevista estructurada y la validez de comprensión determinada por la aplicación del cuestionario a una muestra de 60 participantes en el Torneo Internacional 4 Naciones de Balonmano en el año 2019. El alfa de Cronbach sobre la base de 18 ítems es de .860 en una escala 0-1, lo que indica una consistencia interna adecuada de los ítems, la prueba χ2 de Friedman es de p< .05, lo cual indica que de forma individual cada pregunta incluida en el instrumento aporta información relevante. Este estudio preliminar indica que el instrumento podría considerar-se válido y fiable para valorar la opinión de los agentes deportivos sobre el sistema antivuelco de las porteríasActividad Física y Deport

Effects on quality of life, health and practice of physical activity of Covid-19 confinement in Spain

[ES] En España, la declaración del estado de alarma por la pandemia Covid-19, supuso que entre el 14 de marzo y el 2 de mayo de 2020, 47 millones de habitantes estuvieran confinados y sólo pudieran salir a cubrir necesidades básicas. Ante este hecho es oportuno analizar su impacto sobre la salud, tomando en consideración cómo afectó a la práctica de la actividad física. Se administró un cuestionario ad hoc. Los participantes fueron 1046 personas (hombre 48.57% y mujer 51.43%) y con una edad media de 40 (± DT 13.35 años). Respecto a la práctica de actividad física, destaca una significativa disminución de intensidad y cantidad (p < .001), y una modificación del tipo de actividad física realizada, pasando de deportes cardiovasculares y de aptitud muscular a prácticas de gimnasias suaves y flexibilidad. Aumentó el porcentaje total de personas que no realizaron nada de actividad física. Aun disponiendo de más tiempo libre, las personas en situación de ERTE, disminuyeron significativamente su cantidad de actividad física realizada (p < .001). Estos resultados permiten concluir que el confinamiento supuso una modificación de hábitos de práctica de actividad física, una disminución de los valores recomendados como saludables, lo que conllevó implicaciones sobre la salud y la calidad de vida. Se ofrece información que ayudará a entender estos nuevos comportamientos y que facilitará a los gestores estrategias innovadoras para activar la vuelta a niveles anteriores de actividad física, su incremento y, en definitiva, la reactivación del sector deportivo.[EN] In Spain, the declaration of the state of alarm due to the Covid-19 pandemic, meant that between 14th of March and 2nd of May 2020, 47 million inhabitants were confined at home and could only go out to cover basic needs. This unprecedented event has led to a paradigm shift, and it is appropriate to analyze its impact on health, considering how it has affected the practice of physical activity. An ad hoc questionnaire was administered. The participants were 1046 people (48.57% male and 51.43% female) and the average age of 40 (± DT 13.35 years). Regarding the practice of physical activity, a significant decrease in intensity and quantity stands out (p < .001), and a modification of the type of physical activity performed, going from cardiovascular sports and muscular fitness to soft gymnastics and flexibility practices. The total percentage of people who did no physical activity at all, increased. In addition, although more free time was available, people in ERTE situation significantly decreased their amount of physical activity performed (p < .001). These results allow us to conclude that confinement has meant a modification of physical activity practice habits and a decrease in the recommended values of healthy healthy, and therefore has had implications on health and quality of life. This information will help to understand these new behaviors in order for managers to implement innovative strategies to reactivate the return to previous levels of physical activity, its increase and, in short, the reactivation of the sports sector.S

La protección de los menores frente al abuso y la explotación sexual a través de las consecuencias jurídicas del delito aplicables a las personas físicas imputables

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio de las consecuencias jurídicas que la legislación española enlaza a los delitos sexuales con víctimas menores de edad incidiendo en particular en los problemas jurídicos que las mismas plantean. 

La protección penal de los menores en la esfera sexual a la luz del convenio del Consejo de Europa para la protección de los niños contra la explotación y el abuso sexual

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal conocer en qué medida la entrada en vigor en nuestro país del Convenio del Consejo de Europa para la protección de los niños contra la explotación y el abuso sexual de 2007 haría necesaria la modificación de nuestra legislación penal sobre el particular. A tal fin se realiza una visión general del contenido del convenio, se estudian las medidas de naturaleza penal que el convenio exige sean adoptadas por los Estados Partes y se comparan con las previstas en nuestra legislación nacional.The main aim of the present article is knowing to what extend the fact that the Council of Europe Convention on the protection of children against sexual exploitation and sexual abuse has entered into force in our country would make necessary the reform of our criminal law. For this purpose a general revision of the contents of the Convention is done and the penal measures that the Parts States have to adopt are analyzed in detail. Afterwards they are compared with the ones that are established in our national criminal law