Enxeñaría de requisitos

Titulación: Grao en Enxeñaría Informática -- Materia: Enxeñaría do SoftwareNos temas anteriores estableceuse o software como un elemento de Enxeñaría e propuxéronse unha serie de normas e paradigmas que definen os procesos necesarios para a súa construción, o primeiro dos cales é a análise do sistema e dos requisitos do software. Nesta fase o obxectivo fundamental é definir de xeito inequívoco que problema estamos tratando de resolver. A problemática que se xera é tal que, en realidade, o que acabamos de mencionar como un proceso, se divide en varios que mesmo se agrupan de forma separada debido á diferente natureza das actividades implicadas: Identificación de necesidades, comprensión e modelado, especificación, verificación e validación dos requisitos e xestión dos mesmos. A importancia deste proceso pode apreciarse no controvertido Chaos Report que sinala, entre as 10 causas máis significativas de fracaso dos proxectos, 6 que están directamente relacionadas co traballo realizado nas actividades de análise. A dificultade na realización deste proceso compréndese pola necesidade de obter a descrición dun elemento lóxico, o software xerado en contornas moi diversas, a partires da descrición en linguaxe natural, inherentemente ambigua, e procedente de distintos implicados cuxa cultura e formación lle fai que expresen ideas semellantes de forma moi distinta. Para abordar esta problemática propóñense técnicas para a extracción da información e para representar o sistema a construír mediante modelos que permitan demostrar que se comprendeu correctamente a información transmitida e que o sistema que representan é o que realmente se necesita construír.Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Servizo de Normalización Lingüístic

Efectos mecánicos en líneas eléctricas de alta tensión debidos a las corrientes de cortocircuito. Propuesta de un modelo de simulación del fenómeno

La respuesta mecánica de un sistema de transporte de energía eléctrica a las fuerzas de excitación debidas a las corrientes de cortocircuito se traduce en la puesta en movimiento de los cables portadores y en un sensible incremento de los esfuerzos que éstos soportan y que transmiten a los apoyos que los sustentan. La idealización del sistema físico real nos lleva a definir un modelo discreto que mediante el adecuado tratamiento implementado en ordenador permita cuantificar el problema. Un estudio de sensibilidad encaminado a determinar cómo afecta al comportamiento del sistema la variación de diversos parámetros y configuraciones de líneas nos permitirá un mejor conocimiento del fenómeno.The mechanical response of a power transport system electrical line to the exciting forces due to short-circuit currents usually results into motion of the flexible cables and a noticeable increase of the tensil forces which they bear and transmit to bearing supports. Idealization of the real physical system leads to define a discrete mechanical model which by adecuate mathematical treatment implemented on a computer will enable to quantify the problem. A sensitivity study directed to determinate how the behaviour of the system is affected by changes in various parameters and cable line configurations will provide a better understanding of the phenomenon. Study results are enclosed.Peer Reviewe

Augmented mixed finite element method for the Oseen problem: A priori and a posteriori error analyses

We propose a new augmented dual-mixed method for the Oseen problem based on the pseudostress–velocity formulation. The stabilized formulation is obtained by adding to the dual-mixed approach suitable least squares terms that arise from the constitutive and equilibrium equations. We prove that for appropriate values of the stabilization parameters, the new variational formulation and the corresponding Galerkin scheme are well-posed, and a Céa estimate holds for any finite element subspaces. We also provide the rate of convergence when each row of the pseudostress is approximated by Raviart–Thomas or Brezzi–Douglas–Marini elements and the velocity is approximated by continuous piecewise polynomials. Moreover, we derive a simple a posteriori error estimator of residual type that consists of two residual terms and prove that it is reliable and locally efficient. Finally, we include several numerical experiments that support the theoretical results.Dirección de Investigación of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (Chile) y CONICYT-Chile FONDECYT; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación del Gobierno de España

Smart Environmental Data Infrastructures: Bridging the Gap between Earth Sciences and Citizens

The monitoring and forecasting of environmental conditions is a task to which much effort and resources are devoted by the scientific community and relevant authorities. Representative examples arise in meteorology, oceanography, and environmental engineering. As a consequence, high volumes of data are generated, which include data generated by earth observation systems and different kinds of models. Specific data models, formats, vocabularies and data access infrastructures have been developed and are currently being used by the scientific community. Due to this, discovering, accessing and analyzing environmental datasets requires very specific skills, which is an important barrier for their reuse in many other application domains. This paper reviews earth science data representation and access standards and technologies, and identifies the main challenges to overcome in order to enable their integration in semantic open data infrastructures. This would allow non-scientific information technology practitioners to devise new end-user solutions for citizen problems in new application domainsThis research was co-funded by (i) the TRAFAIR project (2017-EU-IA-0167), co-financed by the Connecting Europe Facility of the European Union, (ii) the RADAR-ON-RAIA project (0461_RADAR_ON_RAIA_1_E) co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Iterreg V-A Spain-Portugal program (POCTEP) 2014-2020, and (iii) the Consellería de Educación, Universidade e Formación Profesional of the regional government of Galicia (Spain), through the support for research groups with growth potential (ED431B 2018/28)S

Alongshore upwelling modulates the intensity of marine heatwaves in a temperate coastal sea

Analyses of long-term temperature records based on satellite data have revealed an increase in the frequency and intensity of marine heatwaves (MHWs) in the world oceans, a trend directly associated with global change according to climate model simulations. However, these analyses often target open ocean pelagic systems and rarely include local scale, field temperature records that are more adequate to assess the impact of MHWs close to the land-sea interface. Here, we compared the incidence and characteristics of open ocean MHWs detected by satellites with those observed in the field over two decades (1998-2019) at two temperate intertidal locations in the central Cantabrian Sea, southern Bay of Biscay. Satellite retrievals tended to smooth out cooling events associated with intermittent, alongshore upwelling, especially during summer. These biases propagated to the characterization of MHWs and resulted in an overestimation of their incidence and duration close to the coast. To reconcile satellite and field records, we developed a downscaling approach based on regression modeling that enabled the reconstruction of past temperatures and analyze MHW trends. Despite the cooling effect due to upwelling, the temperature reconstructions revealed a six-fold increase in the incidence of MHWs in the Cantabrian Sea over the last four decades. A comparison between static (no trend) vs. dynamic (featuring a linear warming trend) MHW detection thresholds allowed us to attribute over half of the increase in MHW incidence to the ocean warming trend. Our results highlight the importance of local processes to fully characterize the complexity and impacts of MHWs on marine coastal ecosystems and call for the conservation of climate refugia associated with coastal upwelling to counter the impacts of climate warming. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Determinación de la variabilidad espacial de parámetros de calidad y rendimiento en viñedos a partir de índices de vegetación obtenidos con un espectro- radiómetro de campo

El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en desarrollar un procedimiento para la representación de la variabilidad espacial de parámetros que determinan la calidad y cantidad de uva, a partir de índices de vegetación medidos sobre las cepas. El trabajo de campo se hizo en viñedos de la Denominación de Origen Bierzo. La metodología se basó en la obtención de cartografía continua de los índices de vegetación a partir de datos puntuales (obtenidos en muestreos de campo) mediante técnicas de interpolación espacial. Se estudiaron varios índices con el fin de encontrar el más adecuado para la zona de estudio. Los datos de campo para el cálculo de los índices espectrales fueron tomados con un espectro-radiómetro de campo. También se crearon mapas continuos de parámetros de medida de vigor de las cepas. Partiendo estos datos se consiguieron resultados importantes i) identificar las variables vitivinícolas más relacionadas con los índices de vegetación ii) identificar de áreas homogéneas en los viñedos. Los análisis espaciales fueron llevados a cabo con herramientas SIG. Mediante este trabajo se ha conseguido implementar un protocolo para cartografiar la variabilidad espacial de la uva permitiendo planificar la vendimia para conseguir la calidad y cantidad de vino fijada por la bodega.The aim of this work was to develop a methodology for the representation of spatial variability of parameters that determine the quality and quantity of grapes, using vegetation indices measured on the vines. The field work was done in the vineyards in the Designation of Origin Bierzo. The methodology was based on mapping of vegetation indices from data vines by spatial interpolation techniques. Several indices were studied to find the most suitable for the study area. The field data were taken by a field spectro-radiometer. Based on these data were achieved results useful for the vine-grower i) identify the variables most related to wine vegetation indices ii) identification of homogeneous areas in the vineyards. Spatial analysis was conducted with GIS tools. A protocol for mapping the spatial variability of the grape has been carried out. This information will be useful to manage a harvest plan to achieve the quality and quantity of wine fixed by the winery

Strain driven migration of In during the growth of InAs/GaAs quantum posts

Using the mechano-optical stress sensor technique, we observe a counter-intuitive reduction of the compressive stress when InAs is deposited on GaAs (001) during the growth of quantum posts. Through modelling of the strain fields, we find that such anomalous behaviour can be related to the strain-driven detachment of In atoms from the crystal and their surface diffusion towards the self-assembled nanostructures.We acknowledge the financial support by Spanish MINECO through Grant Nos. ENE2012-37804-C02-02 and TEC2011-29120-C05-04, and by Spanish CAM through Grant Nos. S2009/ESP-1503 and S2009/ENE-1477.Peer Reviewe

On the relationship between atmospheric rivers, weather types and floods in Galicia (NW Spain)

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) – long and narrow structures of anomalously high water vapor flux located in the warm sector of extratropical cyclones – have been shown to be closely related to extreme precipitation and flooding. In this paper we analyze the connection between ARs and flooding in the northwestern Spanish region of Galicia under a variety of synoptic conditions represented by the so-called “weather types”, a classification of daily sea-level pressure patterns obtained by means of a simple scheme that adopts the subjective procedure of Lamb. Flood events are identified from official reports conducted by the Spanish emergency management agency (Protección Civil) from 1979 to 2010. Our results suggest that, although most flood events in Galicia do not coincide with the presence of an overhead AR, ARs are present in the majority of severe cases, particularly in coastal areas. Flood events associated with ARs are connected to cyclonic weather types with westerly and southwesterly flows, which occur mostly in winter months. The link between ARs and severe flooding is not very apparent in inland areas or during summer months, in which case heavy precipitation is usually not frontal in nature but rather convective. Nevertheless, our results show that, in general, the amount of precipitation in flood events in Galicia more than doubles when an AR is present.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CGL2013-45932-RXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C 2017/64-GR

Astroglia-microglia cross talk during neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus

Brain injury triggers a progressive inflammatory response supported by a dynamic astroglia-microglia interplay. We investigated the progressive chronic features of the astroglia-microglia cross talk in the perspective of neuronal effects in a rat model of hippocampal excitotoxic injury. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) injection triggered a process characterized within 38 days by atrophy, neuronal loss, and fast astroglia-mediated S100B increase. Microglia reaction varied with the lesion progression. It presented a peak of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion at one day after the lesion, and a transient YM1 secretion within the first three days. Microglial glucocorticoid receptor expression increased up to day 5, before returning progressively to sham values. To further investigate the astroglia role in the microglia reaction, we performed concomitant transient astroglia ablation with L-α-aminoadipate and NMDA-induced lesion. We observed a striking maintenance of neuronal death associated with enhanced microglial reaction and proliferation, increased YM1 concentration, and decreased TNF-α secretion and glucocorticoid receptor expression. S100B reactivity only increased after astroglia recovery. Our results argue for an initial neuroprotective microglial reaction, with a direct astroglial control of the microglial cytotoxic response. We propose the recovery of the astroglia-microglia cross talk as a tissue priority conducted to ensure a proper cellular coordination that retails brain damage