Estrategias cognitivo-conductuales para el manejo del estrés en alumnos mexicanos de bachillerato internacional

El presente estudio se propuso probar la efectividad de las técnicas cognitivo conductuales en la disminución del estrés e identificar las más útiles para los estudiantes mexicanos de bachillerato internacional (bi). En la investigación participaron 16 alumnos en el grupo experimental y 11 en el grupo control. El programa constó de cinco sesiones en las que se aplicaron diferentes técnicas cognitivo-conductuales. En cada sesión se midió la percepción de efectividad en los participantes. Los resultados fueron los esperados. Se encontraron bajos puntajes de síntomas, estrés y pensamientos automáticos al finalizar el programa, lo que permite concluir que es necesario continuar con la aplicación de este tipo de intervenciones en estudiantes de bi en el mundo para mejorar su proceso de aprendizaje

Factor Structure of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a Sample from Mexico

The aim of this study was to analyze the cultural adaptation of the European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS; Cohen, Kamarak, & Mermelstein, 1983), for its use in Mexican samples. Using a random sample of students, internal consistency was analyzed and the factor structure of the Spanish version of the PSS was compared with the factor structure found in the English version. Internal consistency was adequate (= .83) and confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the factor structure. Factor 1 explained 42.8% of the variance and Factor 2 accounted for 53.2%. The goodness-of fit measures also revealed an adequate fit. The cultural adaptation of the PSS was also evaluated with satisfactory results.El estudio tiene como propósito valorar la adaptación cultural realizada a la versión española de la Escala de Estrés Percibido (Cohen, Kamarak y Mermelstein, 1983), para ser utilizada en muestras de México. Se analizó la consistencia interna y la estructura factorial de la versión en español del PSS y se comparó con la estructura factorial encontrada para la versión en inglés, utilizando una muestra aleatoria de estudiantes. Los resultados indican una adecuada consistencia interna (= .83) y se confirma la estructura factorial al utilizarse análisis factorial confirmatorio; con el Factor 1 explicando un 42.8% de la varianza y el Factor 2, un 53.2%, así como estadísticos de ajuste aceptables en el AFC. Asimismo, se evaluó, con resultados satisfactorios, la adaptación cultural realizada para el PSS

DIFERENCIAS EN ESTRÉS PERCIBIDO, SALUD MENTAL Y FÍSICA DE ACUERDO AL TIPO DE RELACIÓN HUMANO-PERRO / DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED STRESS, MENTAL HEALTH, AND PHYSICAL HEALTH ACCORDING TO TYPES OF HUMAN-PET DOG RELATIONSHIPS

This study was carried out in order to assess whether the levelsof perceived stress and health differed depending on typesof human-pet dog relationships, and to evaluate the correlationbetween perceived stress and health and the frequencywith which activities are carried out with the dogs. Self-reportquestionnaires were filled out by 247 volunteers owning atleast one dog. The results show lower levels of perceived stressand higher levels of mental health in those individuals whoconsider the dog a member of the family. Furthermore, significantcorrelations were found between dog-training activitiesand stress and mental health, between playing with the dogand vitality and mental health, and between walking the dogand vitality. The conclusion was that those individuals whoconsider their dogs as members of the family and carry outmore activities with them have better physical and mentalhealth, as well as lower levels of perceived stress

Intervención cognitivo conductual para el manejo del estrés en personas que viven con VIH

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Psicología de la Salud) UANLUANLhttp://www.uanl.mx

Escala de estrategias docentes para aprendizajes significativo: diseño y evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas = Teaching strategies scale for meaningful learnings: design and evaluation of its psychometric properties

El presente artículo con enfoque cuantitativo tuvo como objetivo diseñar un conjunto de subescalas con evidencias de validez y confiabilidad, que midan la frecuencia de uso de estrategias docentes en el aula, siendo los objetivos específicos: 1) diseñar un conjunto de subescalas con ítems tipo Likert donde cada una evalúe la frecuencia de uso de una estrategia docente en el aula, 2) analizar la estructura factorial de cada subescala y 3) determinar la confiabilidad inter-ítem de cada subescala. Se creó la Escala de Estrategias Docentes para Aprendizajes Significativos (EEDAS) compuesta por 12 subescalas: Actividad Generadora de Información Previa, Actividad Focal Introductoria, Positivo-Negativo-Interesante, Discusión Guiada, Objetivos e Intenciones, Diagrama de Llaves, Mapas Conceptuales, Respuesta Anterior-Pregunta-Respuesta Posterior, Lo Que Sé-Lo Que Quiero Saber-Lo Que Aprendí, Cuadro Sinóptico, Analogías, y Resumen, las que se sometieron a juicio de experto para evaluar su validez de contenido, dando como resultado la eliminación de un ítem. Con el objetivo de determinar su estructura factorial y analizar la confiabilidad inter-ítem se realizó un muestreo incidental en 7 facultades de la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México, y se aplicó el instrumento a 205 docentes. Producto de los análisis se eliminaron 3 ítems; el análisis factorial exploratorio evidencia la estructura unifactorial de cada subescala y la adecuada saturación de los ítems; y los valores del Alpha de Cronbach, reflejan una adecuada confiabilidad. Abstract: This article with quantitative approach aimed to design a set of subscales with evidence of validity and reliability, to measure the frequency of use of teaching strategies in the classroom, with specific objectives: 1) design a set of subscales with Likert-type items each of which assesses the frequency of use of a teaching strategy in the classroom, 2) examine the factor structure of each subscale and 3) determine the inter-item reliability for each subscale. The Teaching Strategies Scale for Meaningful Learnings (EEDAS) was created taking as reference Ausubel´s theoretical model; composed of 12 subscales: Brainstorming, Introductory Focal Activity, Positive-Negative-Interesting, Guided Discussion, Objectives and Intentions, Tree Diagram, Concept Mapping, Previous Answer-Question-Post Answer, What I Know-What I Want To Know-What I Learned, Overview, Analogies, and Abstract. Which were subjected to expert opinion to assess its content validity, resulting in the removal of an item. In order to determine its factor structure and analyze the inter-item reliability an incidental sampling was performed in 7 faculties of the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, and the instrument was applied to 205 teachers. Product analysis 3 items were removed; the exploratory factor analysis shows the unifactor structure of each subscale and the proper saturation of items; and Cronbach's Alpha values reflect adequate reliability

Variação diurna do cortisol e sua relação com o estresse: otimismo e estratégias de enfrentamento em mulheres com câncer de mama

O ritmo diurno do cortisol vem sendo visto alterado nos pacientes com câncer. Fatores como o avanço da doença e os níveis de estresse estão sendo considerados para explicar essa condição; contudo, os resultados não são claros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e determinar se existem diferenças nos níveis de cortisol em mulheres com câncer de mama de diferentes estágios, bem como analisar estratégias de enfrentamento. Foram coletadas amostras de cortisol salival durante dois dias e aplicados questionários psicológicos de estresse percebido, otimismo disposicional e estratégias de enfrentamento a 17 mulheres com câncer de mama em estágio I, II e III. Os resultados mostram que as pacientes com esse câncer nos três estágios apresentam um ritmo diurno de cortisol normal e não se diferenciam significativamente na variável de otimismo. A respeito das variáveis psicológicas, só diferem na variável de otimismo. As estratégias de enfrentamento -espírito de luta e evitação cognitiva- são as variáveis que têm mais influência nos níveis de cortisol e explicam 55% da variação. Discutem-se as implicações desses resultados.El ritmo diurno del cortisol se ha visto alterado en los pacientes con cáncer. Factores como el avance de la enfermedad y los niveles de estrés se han considerado para explicar esta condición; sin embargo, los resultados no son claros. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y determinar si existen diferencias en los niveles de cortisol en mujeres con cáncer de mama en diferentes estadios, y analizar la relación entre los niveles de cortisol y el estrés, el optimismo y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Se recolectaron muestras de cortisol salival durante dos días, y se aplicaron cuestionarios psicológicos de estrés percibido (PSS), optimismo disposicional (LOT-R) y estrategias de afrontamiento (MAC) a 17 mujeres con cáncer de mama en estadio I, II y III. Los resultados muestran que las pacientes con cáncer de mama en los tres estadios presentan un ritmo diurno de cortisol normal y no difieren significativamente en los niveles de cortisol. Respecto a las variables psicológicas, solo difieren en la variable de optimismo. Las estrategias de afrontamiento espíritu de lucha y evitación cognitiva son las variables que tienen más influencia en los niveles de cortisol, y explican un 55% de la varianza. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados.Diurnal cortisol rhythm has been altered in patients with cancer. Factors such as disease progression and stress levels are regarded as possible causes to explain this condition, however results are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess and determine whether there are differences in cortisol levels in women with breast cancer in different stages and analyze the relationship between cortisol levels and stress, optimism and coping strategies. Salivary cortisol samples were collected for two days and psychological questionnaires of perceived stress (PSS), dispositional optimism (LOT-R) and coping strategies (MAC) were administered to 17 breast cancer women in stage I, II and III of the disease. The results show that patients with breast cancer in the three stages have a normal diurnal cortisol rhythm and do not differ significantly in cortisol levels. Regarding the psychological variables, they differ only in optimism. Coping strategies such as fighting spirit and cognitive avoidance are the variables that have more influence on cortisol levels, explaining 55% of variance. The implications of these results are discussed

Dog-Assisted Therapy and Dental Anxiety: A Pilot Study

Animal-assisted therapy aimed at improving individuals’ mental or physical health has been widely reported. However, the data on how a therapy dog could help control anxiety during dental procedures is scarce. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of dog-assisted therapy on people with a history of dental anxiety while receiving preventive dental treatment. Twelve adults participated (women: n = 11 (91.7%) and men: n = 1 (8.3%), mean age = 31.25 years, D.E. = 5.78). The Corah Dental Anxiety Scale was applied, the patient’s mood was assessed with a Likert scale before and after receiving the dental treatment, and their blood pressure was recorded for each of the three stages of treatment. A therapy dog accompanied the participants during the dental procedure. The main results indicated that a decrease in discomfort was perceived during the intervention, and there was also an improvement in the patient’s evaluation of the experience. The results are based on the decrease in patients’ blood pressure when taken in the middle of the dental treatment

Differences between clicker and voice when used as event markers in shaping novel behaviors in dog training

Abstract The principles of operant conditioning are often applied in canine training. Their correct application requires a good timing, well-defined criteria and a proper rate of reinforcement. Few studies have compared the types of markers of canine training events; the most used are the clicker and the voice. Objective: to compare the number of reinforcers required to shape seven new behaviors in two canine subjects, contrasting the use of the clicker and the voice as markers of events. Results: there is evidence of equivalence in the number of reinforcers needed to achieve the behavior to shape with the use of the clicker and the use of the voice. Conclusions: at least in this study, the timing and the shaping are not affected by the type of marker of events used. Resumen Los principios del condicionamiento operante son frecuentemente aplicados en entrenamiento canino. Para su correcta aplicación se requiere un buen timing, criterios bien definidos y una correcta tasa de reforzamiento. Pocos estudios han comparado los tipos de marcadores de eventos en entrenamiento canino, los más usados son el clicker y la voz. Objetivo: comparar el número de reforzadores requeridos al moldear siete conductas nuevas en dos sujetos caninos, comparando el uso del clicker y de la voz como marcadores de eventos. Resultados: indicaron equivalencia en el número de reforzadores necesarios para alcanzar la conducta a moldear con uso del clicker y el uso de la voz. Conclusiones: al menos en este estudio, el timing y el moldeamiento no se ven afectados por el tipo de marcador de eventos usado

Diferenças na utilização entre o clicker e a voz quando usados no moldado de novos comportamentos no adestramento do cão

The principles of operant conditioning are often applied in canine training. Their correct application requires a good timing, well-defined criteria and a proper rate of reinforcement. Few studies have compared the types of markers of canine training events; the most used are the clicker and the voice. Objective: to compare the number of reinforcers required to shape seven new behaviors in two canine subjects, contrasting the use of the clicker and the voice as markers of events. Results: there is evidence of equivalence in the number of reinforcers needed to achieve the behavior to shape with the use of the clicker and the use of the voice. Conclusions: at least in this study, the timing and the shaping are not affected by the type of marker of events used.Los principios del condicionamiento operante son frecuentemente aplicados en entrenamiento canino. Para su correcta aplicación se requiere un buen timing, criterios bien definidos y una correcta tasa de reforzamiento. Pocos estudios han comparado los tipos de marcadores de eventos en entrenamiento canino, los más usados son el clicker y la voz. Objetivo: comparar el número de reforzadores requeridos al moldear siete conductas nuevas en dos sujetos caninos, comparando el uso del clicker y de la voz como marcadores de eventos. Resultados: indicaron equivalencia en el número de reforzadores necesarios para alcanzar la conducta a moldear con uso del clicker y el uso de la voz. Conclusiones: al menos en este estudio, el timing y el moldeamiento no se ven afectados por el tipo de marcador de eventos usado.Os princípios do condicionamento operante são frequentemente aplicados em adestramento canino. Para a sua adequada aplicação requere-se um bom timing, critérios bem definidos e uma correta medida de reforçamento. Poucos estudos têm comparado os tipos de marcadores de eventos no adestramento canino; os mais comumente usados são o clicker e a voz. Objetivo: comparar o numero de reforçadores requeridos ao moldar sete novas condutas em dois sujeitos caninos, contrastando o uso do clicker e da voz como marcadores de eventos. Resultados: evidencia-se equivalência no numero de reforçadores que se precisam para atingir a conduta a moldar tanto quando é usado o clicker que quando é usada a voz. Conclusões: pelo menos neste estudo, o timing e o moldado não se vem afetados pelo tipo de marcador de eventualidades usado

Differences in stress and happiness between owners who perceive their dogs as well behaved or poorly behaved when they are left alone

This study was performed to identify differences between a group of 36 dog owners who reported separation-related behavioral problems in their dogs and a group of 40 dog owners who perceived their dogs as well behaved in their absence. The variables compared between these groups were attachment, trainability, human-dog relationship, owner-dog compatibility, happiness, and stress. Dogs whose owners perceived that they were well behaved when left alone had more years within the household and higher scores in trainability; these owners also reported a better relationship with the dog and lower attachment scores than the group that perceived separation-related problems in their dogs. In addition, those owners who saw their dogs as well behaved when left alone showed higher perceived happiness and lower perceived stress. The equivalence in compatibility and the differences found in the mentioned variables suggest that owners and their dogs are compatible in activity preferences and in emotional variables such as anxiety or stress. It is possible that humans with higher levels of stress do not have a relaxed relationship with their dogs, which may contribute to their annoyance about their dogs’ behavior, and they spend less time with them. This could explain why they perceived their dogs as having separation-related behavioral problems. A dog’s behavior could be a source of stress for the owner affecting the owner’s perceived happiness