Ejecución de sanciones penales en el sistema acusatorio. Un modelo para el sistema penitenciario jalisciense

El presente estudio tiene el objetivo de exponer los principios y los fundamentos que deben observarse por los jueces en la etapa de ejecución de sentencias, en aras de que hagan efectivos los derechos humanos de las personas y que se cumpla el objetivo de salvaguardar los derechos de los internos, de corregir los abusos y desviaciones y de que se sigan los preceptos que puedan producirse en el régimen penitenciario

The pyrolytical fingerprint of nitrogen compounds reflects the content and quality of soil organic carbon

The increasing land degradation is a problem that affects many soils in countries with a Mediterranean climate. In this aspect the soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role, due to its progressive biodegradation parallels to desertification and the concomitant emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere. These facts make basic research on the structure and composition of SOM important for soil conservation. Organic N-compounds in soil are of particular interest due to their chemical structure and speciation status in the SOM which can play an important role in soil N bioavailability and in the whole biogeochemical activity of the soil. For this reason, studying the possible relationships between the different N-compounds and soil properties, such as SOM content and its chemical characteristics, can provide new information on the stabilization and storage of organic C in soil. For this research, 30 soils from Spanish ecosystems with a wide range of SOM content were selected. The molecular composition of SOM in whole soil samples including N-compounds, was analyzed by analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/MS). A parallel characterization of SOM quality was carried out using solid state 13C NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy. Based on their chemical structure, the N-compounds identified by Py-GC/MS were classified into seven main groups: indoles, pyridines, pyrazoles, benzonitriles, imidazoles, pyrroles and quinolines. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to explore the relationship between the distribution of the above compounds and the SOM content. A significant predictive model was obtained for the SOM using partial least squares (PLS) regression, which was used to predict SOM content using the pyrolytic N-compounds as descriptors. This would show that there is a relationship between the patterns of N-compounds and the biogeochemical mechanisms involved in the different C storage levels the soils. Also, multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA) showed to what extent the individual N-compounds are informative of status and quality of the humic acid fraction of SOM. As a whole, the results obtained by Py-GC/MS suggest that indoles, alkylindoles, alkylbenzimidazoles and alkylpyridines could be indicators of SOM accumulation while unsubstituted benzonitrile and pyridine are related to SOM qualityThis work was supported by grants CGL2013-43845-P and BES2014-069238 from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO

Population genetic analysis of "Ensis directus" unveils high genetic variation in the introduced range and reveals a new species from the NW Atlantic

[Abstract] We report current genetic variation of populations of the razor shell Ensis directus (Conrad 1843) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pharidae) in native (North American) and introduced (European) ranges using nuclear and mitochondrial sequence-based markers. We expected less variation within the introduced range, especially considering the frequent mass mortality events observed in Europe since the species was recorded for the first time in 1978. However, we found higher variation in Europe. The possible significance of temporal fluctuations of genetic variation, limited effect of random genetic drift, and multiple introductions are discussed. Interestingly, the multiple-introduction hypothesis contrasts with the gradual colonisation of European coastal waters but is supported by trained clustering analysis and by the intensity of transatlantic shipping. Genetic and morphometric evidence strongly supports that examined individuals from a supposed E. directus population from Newfoundland (Canada) belong to a separate species. This new Ensis is formally described here and named E. terranovensis n.sp

Mitochondrial DNA structure in the Arabian Peninsula

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Two potential migratory routes followed by modern humans to colonize Eurasia from Africa have been proposed. These are the two natural passageways that connect both continents: the northern route through the Sinai Peninsula and the southern route across the Bab al Mandab strait. Recent archaeological and genetic evidence have favored a unique southern coastal route. Under this scenario, the study of the population genetic structure of the Arabian Peninsula, the first step out of Africa, to search for primary genetic links between Africa and Eurasia, is crucial. The haploid and maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecule has been the most used genetic marker to identify and to relate lineages with clear geographic origins, as the African Ls and the Eurasian M and N that have a common root with the Africans L3.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To assess the role of the Arabian Peninsula in the southern route, we genetically analyzed 553 Saudi Arabs using partial (546) and complete mtDNA (7) sequencing, and compared the lineages obtained with those present in Africa, the Near East, central, east and southeast Asia and Australasia. The results showed that the Arabian Peninsula has received substantial gene flow from Africa (20%), detected by the presence of L, M1 and U6 lineages; that an 18% of the Arabian Peninsula lineages have a clear eastern provenance, mainly represented by U lineages; but also by Indian M lineages and rare M links with Central Asia, Indonesia and even Australia. However, the bulk (62%) of the Arabian lineages has a Northern source.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although there is evidence of Neolithic and more recent expansions in the Arabian Peninsula, mainly detected by (preHV)1 and J1b lineages, the lack of primitive autochthonous M and N sequences, suggests that this area has been more a receptor of human migrations, including historic ones, from Africa, India, Indonesia and even Australia, than a demographic expansion center along the proposed southern coastal route.</p

Eurasian and African mitochondrial DNA influences in the Saudi Arabian population

BACKGROUND: Genetic studies of the Arabian Peninsula are scarce even though the region was the center of ancient trade routes and empires and may have been the southern corridor for the earliest human migration from Africa to Asia. A total of 120 mtDNA Saudi Arab lineages were analyzed for HVSI/II sequences and for haplogroup confirmatory coding diagnostic positions. A phylogeny of the most abundant haplogroup (preHV)1 (R0a) was constructed based on 13 whole mtDNA genomes. RESULTS: The Saudi Arabian group showed greatest similarity to other Arabian Peninsula populations (Bedouin from the Negev desert and Yemeni) and to Levantine populations. Nearly all the main western Asia haplogroups were detected in the Saudi sample, including the rare U9 clade. Saudi Arabs had only a minority sub-Saharan Africa component (7%), similar to the specific North-African contribution (5%). In addition, a small Indian influence (3%) was also detected. CONCLUSION: The majority of the Saudi-Arab mitochondrial DNA lineages (85%) have a western Asia provenance. Although the still large confidence intervals, the coalescence and phylogeography of (preHV)1 haplogroup (accounting for 18 % of Saudi Arabian lineages) matches a Neolithic expansion in Saudi Arabia

Oil-in-Water Pickering Emulsions Stabilized with Nanostructured Biopolymers: A Venue for Templating Bacterial Cellulose

Pickering emulsions (PEs) differ from conventional emulsions in the use of solid colloidal particles as stabilizing agents instead of traditional amphiphilic molecules. Nanostructured biopolymers (NBs) emerge as a promising alternative for PE stabilization owing to their remarkable biocompatibility, abundant availability, and low cost. To explore this potential, a study is herein presented, in which cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), both type I and type II allomorphs, and chitin nanocrystals (ChNCs) were used for stabilizing oil-in-water PEs prepared by the use of ultrasound. Sunflower oil was selected as the oil phase as it offers the advantages of being edible, renewable, and inexpensive. By utilizing ζ-potential, static light diffraction, and visual observations, we determined the optimal oil/water ratio for each type of NB to obtain stable emulsions after 14 days. The optimized PEs were used to form bacterial nanocellulose composites through emulsion templating. To our knowledge, this study represents a pioneering work in exploiting oil-in-water PEs for this approach. Additionally, it entails the first utilization of nonmercerized type II CNCs as stabilizers for PEs, while also establishing a direct comparison among the most relevant NBs. The resulting composites exhibited a unique morphology, composed of larger pores compared to standard bacterial nanocellulose aerogels. These findings highlight the notable potential of NBs as stabilizers for PEs and their ability to generate green nanocomposites with tailored properties

Cytogenetic characterisation of the razor shells "Ensis directus" (Conrad, 1843) and "E. minor" (Chenu, 1843) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

[Abstract] The European razor shell Ensis minor (Chenu 1843) and the American E. directus (Conrad 1843) have a diploid chromosome number of 38 and remarkable differences in their karyotypes: E. minor has four metacentric, one metacentric–submetacentric, five submetacentric, one subtelocentric and eight telocentric chromosome pairs, whereas E. directus has three metacentric, two metacentric–submetacentric, six submetacentric, six subtelocentric and two telocentric pairs. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) using a major ribosomal DNA probe located the major ribosomal genes on one submetacentric chromosome pair in both species; FISH with a 5S ribosomal DNA (5S rDNA) probe rendered one chromosomal (weak) signal for E. minor and no signal for E. directus, supporting a more dispersed organisation of 5S rDNA compared to the major ribosomal genes. The vertebrate telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n was located on both ends of each chromosome, and no interstitial signals were detected. In this work, a comparative karyological analysis was also performed between the four Ensis species analysed revealing that the three European species studied so far, namely E. minor, E. siliqua (Linné 1758) and E. magnus Schumacher 1817 show more similarities among them than compared to the American species E. directus. In addition, clear karyotype differences were found between the morphologically similar species E. minor and E. siliqua.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia; CTM2007-28919-E/MA

New formulation of a methylseleno-aspirin analog with anticancer activity towards colon cancer

Incluye material complementarioAspirin (ASA) has attracted wide interest of numerous scientists worldwide thanks to its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). Incorporation of selenium (Se) atom into ASA has greatly increased their anti-tumoral efficacy in CRC compared with the organic counterparts without the Se functionality, such as the promising antitumoral methylseleno-ASA analog (1a). Nevertheless, the efficacy of compound 1a in cancer cells is compromised due to its poor solubility and volatile nature. Thus, 1a has been formulated with native α-, β-and γ-cyclodextrin (CD), a modified β-CD (hydroxypropyl β-CD, HP-β-CD) and Pluronic F127, all of them non-toxic, biodegradable and FDA approved. Water solubility of 1a is enhanced with β-and HP-β-CDs and Pluronic F127. Compound 1a forms inclusion complexes with the CDs and was incorporated in the hydrophobic core of the F127 micelles. Herein, we evaluated the cytotoxic potential of 1a, alone or formulated with β-and HP-β-CDs or Pluronic F127, against CRC cells. Remarkably, 1a formulations demonstrated more sustained antitumoral activity toward CRC cells. Hence, β-CD, HP-β-CD and Pluronic F127 might be excellent vehicles to improve pharmacological properties of organoselenium compounds with solubility issues and volatile nature.C.S. and D.P. wish to express their gratitude to PIUNA (2018-19) and UNED-Pamplona, Fundación Bancaria La Caixa, and Fundación Caja Navarra for financial support for the project

Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa

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