A standardisation proof for algebraic pattern calculi

This work gives some insights and results on standardisation for call-by-name pattern calculi. More precisely, we define standard reductions for a pattern calculus with constructor-based data terms and patterns. This notion is based on reduction steps that are needed to match an argument with respect to a given pattern. We prove the Standardisation Theorem by using the technique developed by Takahashi and Crary for lambda-calculus. The proof is based on the fact that any development can be specified as a sequence of head steps followed by internal reductions, i.e. reductions in which no head steps are involved.Comment: In Proceedings HOR 2010, arXiv:1102.346

Populating the Galaxy with pulsars I: stellar & binary evolution

The computation of theoretical pulsar populations has been a major component of pulsar studies since the 1970s. However, the majority of pulsar population synthesis has only regarded isolated pulsar evolution. Those that have examined pulsar evolution within binary systems tend to either treat binary evolution poorly or evolve the pulsar population in an ad-hoc manner. Thus no complete and direct comparison with observations of the pulsar population within the Galactic disk has been possible to date. Described here is the first component of what will be a complete synthetic pulsar population survey code. This component is used to evolve both isolated and binary pulsars. Synthetic observational surveys can then be performed on this population for a variety of radio telescopes. The final tool used for completing this work will be a code comprised of three components: stellar/binary evolution, Galactic kinematics and survey selection effects. Results provided here support the need for further (apparent) pulsar magnetic field decay during accretion, while they conversely suggest the need for a re-evaluation of the assumed \textit{typical} MSP formation process. Results also focus on reproducing the observed $P\dot{P}$ diagram for Galactic pulsars and how this precludes short timescales for standard pulsar exponential magnetic field decay. Finally, comparisons of bulk pulsar population characteristics are made to observations displaying the predictive power of this code, while we also show that under standard binary evolutionary assumption binary pulsars may accrete much mass.Comment: 26 pages, 16 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in MNRA

Dietary intakes of individual flavanols and flavonols are inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes in European populations.

Dietary flavanols and flavonols, flavonoid subclasses, have been recently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Europe. Even within the same subclass, flavonoids may differ considerably in bioavailability and bioactivity. We aimed to examine the association between individual flavanol and flavonol intakes and risk of developing T2D across European countries. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct case-cohort study was conducted in 8 European countries across 26 study centers with 340,234 participants contributing 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, among whom 12,403 incident T2D cases were ascertained and a center-stratified subcohort of 16,154 individuals was defined. We estimated flavonoid intake at baseline from validated dietary questionnaires using a database developed from Phenol-Explorer and USDA databases. We used country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models and random-effects meta-analysis methods to estimate HRs. Among the flavanol subclass, we observed significant inverse trends between intakes of all individual flavan-3-ol monomers and risk of T2D in multivariable models (all P-trend < 0.05). We also observed significant trends for the intakes of proanthocyanidin dimers (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.92; P-trend = 0.003) and trimers (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.80, 1.04; P-trend = 0.07) but not for proanthocyanidins with a greater polymerization degree. Among the flavonol subclass, myricetin (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.93; P-trend = 0.001) was associated with a lower incidence of T2D. This large and heterogeneous European study showed inverse associations between all individual flavan-3-ol monomers, proanthocyanidins with a low polymerization degree, and the flavonol myricetin and incident T2D. These results suggest that individual flavonoids have different roles in the etiology of T2D.The EPIC-InterAct Study was supported by the European Union (Integrated Project LSHM-CT-2006-037197 in the Framework Programme 6 of the European Community). In addition, InterAct investigators acknowledge funding from the following agencies: R.Z.-R. was supported by a postdoctoral program Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (FIS; no. CD09/00133) from the Spanish Ministry of Science; R.Z.-R. and C.A.G. were supported by the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (RTICC DR06/0020/0091); core support from the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit is acknowledged for program MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5; Y.T.v.d.S. was supported by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht (Netherlands); A.M.W.S. and D.L.v.d.A. were supported by the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON, World Cancer Research Fund, and Statistics Netherlands; T.J.K. and K.-T.K. were supported by Cancer Research UK; G.F., M.T., and F.P. were supported by Ligue contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, INSERM; G.M. was supported by Ministero della Salute Regione Toscana Progetto Integrato Oncologia–PIO; P.W.F. was supported by the Swedish Research Council, Novo Nordisk, the Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, and the Swedish Diabetes Association; L.B., K.O., N.R., and A.T. were supported by the Danish Cancer Society; V.K. and T.K. were supported by Deutsche Krebshilfe; A.M. was supported by Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; M.L.R. was supported by the Asturias Regional Government; M.G., P.A., E.M.-M., and M.J.T. were supported by the Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (Spain); M.J.T. was supported by the Murcia Regional Government; and R.T. was supported by AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, the Sicilian Regional Government.This is the final published version distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which can also be found on the publisher's website at: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/144/3/335.ful

Financial Characteristics of Companies Audited by Large Audit Firms

Purpose “ The purpose of this paper is to examine how financial characteristics associated with the choice of a big audit firm with further investigation on the agency costs of free cash flows.Design/methodology/approach “ The sample used for this work includes industrial listed companies from Germany and France. To test our hypothesis, we used a number of logit models, extending the standard model selection audit firm, to include the variables of interest. Following previous work, our dependent dummy variable is Big4 or non-Big4.Findings “ We observed that most independent variables in the German companies show similar results to previous work, but we did not have the same results for the French industry. Moreover, our findings suggest that the total debt and dividends can be an important reason for determining the choice of a large audit firm, reducing agency costs of free cash flows.Research limitations/implications “ This study has some limitations on the measurements of the cost of the audit fees and also generates opportunities for additional searching.Originality/value “ The paper provides only one aspect to explain the relationship between the problems of agency costs of free cash flow and influence in choosing a large auditing firm, which stems from investors\u27 demand for higher quality audits

The Human Serum Metabolome

Continuing improvements in analytical technology along with an increased interest in performing comprehensive, quantitative metabolic profiling, is leading to increased interest pressures within the metabolomics community to develop centralized metabolite reference resources for certain clinically important biofluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, urine and blood. As part of an ongoing effort to systematically characterize the human metabolome through the Human Metabolome Project, we have undertaken the task of characterizing the human serum metabolome. In doing so, we have combined targeted and non-targeted NMR, GC-MS and LC-MS methods with computer-aided literature mining to identify and quantify a comprehensive, if not absolutely complete, set of metabolites commonly detected and quantified (with today's technology) in the human serum metabolome. Our use of multiple metabolomics platforms and technologies allowed us to substantially enhance the level of metabolome coverage while critically assessing the relative strengths and weaknesses of these platforms or technologies. Tables containing the complete set of 4229 confirmed and highly probable human serum compounds, their concentrations, related literature references and links to their known disease associations are freely available at http://www.serummetabolome.ca

Wooden houses : energy savings in construction

La maison en bois tonnait en France un renouveau d'intérêt et on souligne, à juste titre, ses qualités d'isolation thermique et la diminution des dépenses récurrentes de chauffage. Par contre, on ignore le plus souvent les économies d'énergie résultant du faible coût énergétique de production et de mise en oeuvre du bois et de ses dérivés. À partir d'analyses et calculs faits par l'un de nous pendant sa scolarité à I'E.N.G.R.E.F. (Option Forêts), sont comparées les quantités de produits du bois utilisées pour différents types de maisons en bois. Pour 100 m2 de surface habitable, on emploie de 11 à 17 m3 (s) de sciages feuillus mais surtout résineux, de 1,4 à 3,6 m3 de contreplaqué et de 2 à 6,5 m3 de panneaux de particules. Ceci équivaut à des consommations exprimées en m 3 équivalent bois rond variant de 24 à 34,5 m 3 EBR en bois d'oeuvre plus 3,5 à 9,8 m3 EBR de bois de trituration (soit de 0,3 à 0,45 m3 EBR par m 2 habitable). À l'aide de données éco-énergétiques américaines, ce sont les seules disponibles, on a chiffré l'énergie consommée, de la récolte des arbres à l'édification de la maison. Pour 100 m2 habitables de maison en bois, la dépense d'énergie est de 1,40 à 2,40 tonnes équivalent pétrole selon le type, ce qui est 2,5 à 4 fois moins que pour des maisons, comparables sur le plan du confort et des prix, en ciment et acier. Cette tentative d'analyse éco-énergétique ajoute, s'il en était encore besoin, un argument supplémentaire à l'intérêt de la maison bois.There is a renewed interest in wooden houses in France, and stress is rightly being put on their thermal insulation properties and the low recurrent costs of heating. On the other hand, it is less often realized that there are energy savings that result from the low energy-cost of producing and working with wood and wood-based products. On the basis of analyses and calculations made by one of us in the course of his studies at the E.N.G.R.E.F. (Forestry option). a comparison is made of the quantities of wood products used in various kinds of wooden houses. For each 100 m2 of living space there are used 11-17 m 3 of sawn timber (some hardwoods but mainly softwoods), 1,4-3,6 m 3 of plywood and 2-6,5 m 3 of particleboard. This corresponds to a consumption of roundwood of 24-34,5 m 3 of saw logs and 3,5-9,8 m 3 of chipwood and pulpwood, i.e. 0,3-0,45 m 3 roundwood equivalent per square metre. With the help of American eco-energy data (the only available source), numerical values have been obtained for the energy consumed, from harvesting the trees to building the houses. For 100 m2 of living space in wooden houses, the expenditure of energy is 1,40-2,40 t oil equivalent, according to the type of house. This is 2,5-4 times less than for houses of steel and cement, of comparable cost and comfort. If it is still needed, this tentative eco-energy analysis supplies one more argument in favour of wooden housing

Exploiter les données : du codage au tableau statistique

Ce chapitre présente les premières étapes de la construction des données, leur codage, la description d'une variable seule, et l'analyse bivariée à l'aide de tableaux

Exploiter les données : du codage au tableau statistique

Ce chapitre présente les premières étapes de la construction des données, leur codage, la description d'une variable seule, et l'analyse bivariée à l'aide de tableaux

Transfert de savoir faire en production d’alevins : 2.4 Action n°16

National audienceDes recherches sont menées par le Cemagref à la station expérimentale de Saint Seurin sur l’Isle pour la mise au point des méthodes d’élevage des jeunes stades d’esturgeon européen. Une fois ces méthodes mise au point la production de masse de sujets pour le repeuplement nécessite le recours à une (des) structure(s) de production. Ceci nécessite la mise au point d’un protocole d’élevage, transfert effectif de savoir faire, qui sera amendé de manière itérative par retour d’expérience des partenaires et intégration des nouveaux résultats de la recherche

Surveillance halieutique de l'estuaire de la Gironde : suivi des captures 2006-2007 - étude de la faune circulante 2007

[Departement_IRSTEA]MA [TR1_IRSTEA]QSA / DYMECO [Coll_IRSTEA]Etude Cemagref, groupement de Bordeaux, n°124Ce rapport comprend quatre parties : - une présentation générale du bassin de la Gironde - une étude de la faune circulante aux abords du centre nucléaire de production d'électricité du Blayais - les résultats du suivi des captures 2006 - une synthèse et conclusion générale