Modélisation du comportement mécanique des structures en bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances

Un modèle de comportement mécanique des bétons fibrés est développé et implanté dans le logiciel élément fini Cast3m. Il vient compléter le modèle de fissuration orthotrope du béton Fluendo3D, en ajoutant la capacité de traiter des matériaux à fibres courtes, cylindriques et rectilignes. Ce modèle, qui s'appuie sur des essais et modèles de la littérature, permet d'apporter des éléments de compréhension du comportement de ce type de matériau, et notamment concernant le phénomène de multi-fissuration. La caractérisation des phénomènes mis en jeu durant l'extraction des fibres est le point de départ de cette étude. Les effets de l'inclinaison des fibres par rapport à la direction d'extraction sont pris en compte et interviennent dans le comportement du modèle qui présente la capacité d'utiliser des orientations préférentielles de fibres. Le phénomène de multi-fissuration est représenté grâce à une loi d'effet d'échelle de Weibull qui permet de tenir compte de la dispersion des résistances à la traction du béton et d'expliquer le développement de la multi-fissuration. Cette représentation permet d'obtenir des distributions d'ouvertures de fissures dans des macro-éléments finis, et apporte donc une nouvelle précision dans le calcul des ouvertures de fissures dans des structures de grandes dimensions.A model for the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is developed and implemented in Cast3m finite element software. It completes the orthotropic concrete cracking model Fluendo3D, by adding the ability to treat materials with short, cylindrical and straight fibers. This model, which is based on tests and models from the literature, provides elements of understanding of the behavior of this type of material, especially concerning the phenomenon of multi-cracking. The characterization of the phenomena involved during the extraction of the fibers is the starting point of this study. The effects of the inclination of the fibers with respect to the direction of extraction are taken into account and intervene in the behavior of the model which presents the capacity to use preferential orientations of fibers. The multi-cracking phenomenon is represented by a Weibull scaling law that allows to take into account the dispersion of the concrete tensile strengths and to explain the development of multi-cracking process. This representation makes it possible to obtain crack opening distributions in macro-finite elements, and thus brings a new precision in the calculation of cracks openings in large structures

Non-local numerical treatment of non-linear behavior by means of Helmholtz equation, with variable coefficients. Application to reinforced concrete structures.

Numerous work has been done with the aim of modeling the cracking of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Among the recent methods proposed in the literature, the combination of reinforcement-concrete equilibrium combined with the linear behavior of the interface leads to a Helmholtz equation which takes account of the slip between the homogenized reinforcements and the concrete in presence of localized cracks [1][2]. In the case of large cracks openings, it is necessary to consider the non-linear behaviors of material and interfaces, such as the plasticity of reinforcements or the damage of the matrix-reinforcement interface. These phenomena induce variations of the coefficients in the Helmholtz equation, which leads to two levels of iterative procedures: one at a global level considering equilibrium of homogenized RC, and another one at a non-local level taking account of equilibrium between reinforcement and concrete. The implementation of a convergence criterion is then needed at each level. The goal of this paper is to describe the developments implemented in the Finite Element code Cast3m to perform non-local Helmholtz type calculations with non-constant coefficients. This method, using an acceleration method [3] is illustrated by the cases of reinforced concrete tie and beam, with homogenized reinforcements. References : [1] A. Sellier and A. Millard, “A homogenized formulation to account for sliding of non-meshed reinforcements during the cracking of brittle matrix composites: Application to reinforced concrete,” Eng. Fract. Mech., vol. 213, pp. 182–196, May 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.04.008. [2] A. Sellier and A. Millard, “Traitement numérique non local de phénomènes physiques par l’équation d’Helmholtz : les effets d’échelle et le glissement renfort-matrice,” in Club Cast3M 2018, Paris, 2018, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 12–18. Available: http://www-cast3m.cea.fr/html/ClubCast3m/club2018/Presentation_Sellier.pdf. [3] A. C. Aitken, “On the iterative solution of a system of linear equations.,” Proc. Roy. Sot. Edinburgh, pp. 52–60, 1950

A new widespread subclass of carbonic anhydrase in marine phytoplankton

Most aquatic photoautotrophs depend on CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to maintain productivity at ambient concentrations of CO2, and carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays a key role in these processes. Here we present different lines of evidence showing that the protein LCIP63, identified in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, is a CA. However, sequence analysis showed that it has a low identity with any known CA and therefore belongs to a new subclass that we designate as iota-CA. Moreover, LCIP63 unusually prefers Mn2+ to Zn2+ as a cofactor, which is potentially of ecological relevance since Mn2+ is more abundant than Zn2+ in the ocean. LCIP63 is located in the chloroplast and only expressed at low concentrations of CO2. When overexpressed using biolistic transformation, the rate of photosynthesis at limiting concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon increased, confirming its role in the CCM. LCIP63 homologs are present in the five other sequenced diatoms and in other algae, bacteria, and archaea. Thus LCIP63 is phylogenetically widespread but overlooked. Analysis of the Tara Oceans database confirmed this and showed that LCIP63 is widely distributed in marine environments and is therefore likely to play an important role in global biogeochemical carbon cycling

Responses of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to changes in CO2 concentration: a proteomic approach

The concentration of CO2 in many aquatic systems is variable, often lower than the KM of the primary carboxylating enzyme Rubisco, and in order to photosynthesize efficiently, many algae operate a facultative CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM). Here we measured the responses of a marine diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, to high and low concentrations of CO2 at the level of transcripts, proteins and enzyme activity. Low CO2 caused many metabolic pathways to be remodeled. Carbon acquisition enzymes, primarily carbonic anhydrase, stress, degradation and signaling proteins were more abundant while proteins associated with nitrogen metabolism, energy production and chaperones were less abundant. A protein with similarities to the Ca2+/ calmodulin dependent protein kinase II_association domain, having a chloroplast targeting sequence, was only present at low CO2. This protein might be a specific response to CO2 limitation since a previous study showed that other stresses caused its reduction. The protein sequence was found in other marine diatoms and may play an important role in their response to low CO2 concentration

The nature of the CO2-concentrating mechanisms in a marine diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana

• Diatoms are widespread in aquatic ecosystems where they may be limited by the supply of inorganic carbon. Their carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms (CCM) involving transporters and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are well known, but the contribution of a biochemical CCM involving C4 metabolism is contentious. • The CCM(s) present in the marine centric diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, was studied in cells exposed to high or low concentrations of CO2, using a range of approaches. • At low CO2, cells possessed a CCM based on active uptake of CO2 (70% contribution) and bicarbonate, while at high CO2, cells were restricted to CO2. CA was highly and rapidly activated on transfer to low CO2 and played a key role because inhibition of external CA produced uptake kinetics similar to cells grown at high CO2. • The activities of PEP carboxylase (PEPCase) and the PEP regenerating enzyme, pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK), were lower in cells grown at low than at high CO2. The ratios of PEPCase and PPDK to ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase were substantially lower than one even at low CO2. • Our data suggest that the kinetic properties of this species results from a biophysical CCM and not from C4 type metabolism

Modélisation du comportement mécanique des structures en bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances

A model for the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is developed and implemented in Cast3m finite element software. It completes the orthotropic concrete cracking model Fluendo3D, by adding the ability to treat materials with short, cylindrical and straight fibers. This model, which is based on tests and models from the literature, provides elements of understanding of the behavior of this type of material, especially concerning the phenomenon of multi-cracking. The characterization of the phenomena involved during the extraction of the fibers is the starting point of this study. The effects of the inclination of the fibers with respect to the direction of extraction are taken into account and intervene in the behavior of the model which presents the capacity to use preferential orientations of fibers. The multi-cracking phenomenon is represented by a Weibull scaling law that allows to take into account the dispersion of the concrete tensile strengths and to explain the development of multi-cracking process. This representation makes it possible to obtain crack opening distributions in macro-finite elements, and thus brings a new precision in the calculation of cracks openings in large structures.Un modèle de comportement mécanique des bétons fibrés est développé et implanté dans le logiciel élément fini Cast3m. Il vient compléter le modèle de fissuration orthotrope du béton Fluendo3D, en ajoutant la capacité de traiter des matériaux à fibres courtes, cylindriques et rectilignes. Ce modèle, qui s'appuie sur des essais et modèles de la littérature, permet d'apporter des éléments de compréhension du comportement de ce type de matériau, et notamment concernant le phénomène de multi-fissuration. La caractérisation des phénomènes mis en jeu durant l'extraction des fibres est le point de départ de cette étude. Les effets de l'inclinaison des fibres par rapport à la direction d'extraction sont pris en compte et interviennent dans le comportement du modèle qui présente la capacité d'utiliser des orientations préférentielles de fibres. Le phénomène de multi-fissuration est représenté grâce à une loi d'effet d'échelle de Weibull qui permet de tenir compte de la dispersion des résistances à la traction du béton et d'expliquer le développement de la multi-fissuration. Cette représentation permet d'obtenir des distributions d'ouvertures de fissures dans des macro-éléments finis, et apporte donc une nouvelle précision dans le calcul des ouvertures de fissures dans des structures de grandes dimensions

Numerical modeling of the mechanical behavior of ultra high performance fiber reinforced concrete structures

Un modèle de comportement mécanique des bétons fibrés est développé et implanté dans le logiciel élément fini Cast3m. Il vient compléter le modèle de fissuration orthotrope du béton Fluendo3D, en ajoutant la capacité de traiter des matériaux à fibres courtes, cylindriques et rectilignes. Ce modèle, qui s'appuie sur des essais et modèles de la littérature, permet d'apporter des éléments de compréhension du comportement de ce type de matériau, et notamment concernant le phénomène de multi-fissuration. La caractérisation des phénomènes mis en jeu durant l'extraction des fibres est le point de départ de cette étude. Les effets de l'inclinaison des fibres par rapport à la direction d'extraction sont pris en compte et interviennent dans le comportement du modèle qui présente la capacité d'utiliser des orientations préférentielles de fibres. Le phénomène de multi-fissuration est représenté grâce à une loi d'effet d'échelle de Weibull qui permet de tenir compte de la dispersion des résistances à la traction du béton et d'expliquer le développement de la multi-fissuration. Cette représentation permet d'obtenir des distributions d'ouvertures de fissures dans des macro-éléments finis, et apporte donc une nouvelle précision dans le calcul des ouvertures de fissures dans des structures de grandes dimensions.A model for the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is developed and implemented in Cast3m finite element software. It completes the orthotropic concrete cracking model Fluendo3D, by adding the ability to treat materials with short, cylindrical and straight fibers. This model, which is based on tests and models from the literature, provides elements of understanding of the behavior of this type of material, especially concerning the phenomenon of multi-cracking. The characterization of the phenomena involved during the extraction of the fibers is the starting point of this study. The effects of the inclination of the fibers with respect to the direction of extraction are taken into account and intervene in the behavior of the model which presents the capacity to use preferential orientations of fibers. The multi-cracking phenomenon is represented by a Weibull scaling law that allows to take into account the dispersion of the concrete tensile strengths and to explain the development of multi-cracking process. This representation makes it possible to obtain crack opening distributions in macro-finite elements, and thus brings a new precision in the calculation of cracks openings in large structures

Modélisation du comportement mécanique des structures en bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances

A model for the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is developed and implemented in Cast3m finite element software. It completes the orthotropic concrete cracking model Fluendo3D, by adding the ability to treat materials with short, cylindrical and straight fibers. This model, which is based on tests and models from the literature, provides elements of understanding of the behavior of this type of material, especially concerning the phenomenon of multi-cracking. The characterization of the phenomena involved during the extraction of the fibers is the starting point of this study. The effects of the inclination of the fibers with respect to the direction of extraction are taken into account and intervene in the behavior of the model which presents the capacity to use preferential orientations of fibers. The multi-cracking phenomenon is represented by a Weibull scaling law that allows to take into account the dispersion of the concrete tensile strengths and to explain the development of multi-cracking process. This representation makes it possible to obtain crack opening distributions in macro-finite elements, and thus brings a new precision in the calculation of cracks openings in large structures.Un modèle de comportement mécanique des bétons fibrés est développé et implanté dans le logiciel élément fini Cast3m. Il vient compléter le modèle de fissuration orthotrope du béton Fluendo3D, en ajoutant la capacité de traiter des matériaux à fibres courtes, cylindriques et rectilignes. Ce modèle, qui s'appuie sur des essais et modèles de la littérature, permet d'apporter des éléments de compréhension du comportement de ce type de matériau, et notamment concernant le phénomène de multi-fissuration. La caractérisation des phénomènes mis en jeu durant l'extraction des fibres est le point de départ de cette étude. Les effets de l'inclinaison des fibres par rapport à la direction d'extraction sont pris en compte et interviennent dans le comportement du modèle qui présente la capacité d'utiliser des orientations préférentielles de fibres. Le phénomène de multi-fissuration est représenté grâce à une loi d'effet d'échelle de Weibull qui permet de tenir compte de la dispersion des résistances à la traction du béton et d'expliquer le développement de la multi-fissuration. Cette représentation permet d'obtenir des distributions d'ouvertures de fissures dans des macro-éléments finis, et apporte donc une nouvelle précision dans le calcul des ouvertures de fissures dans des structures de grandes dimensions

Modélisation du comportement mécanique des structures en bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances

Thèse en cotutelle, doctorat en génie civil : Université Laval, Québec, Canada, Philosophiæ doctor (Ph. D.) et Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, FranceUn modèle de comportement mécanique des bétons fibrés est développé et implanté dans le logiciel éléments finis Cast3m. Il vient compléter le modèle de fissuration orthotrope du béton Fluendo3D, en ajoutant la capacité de traiter des matériaux à fibres courtes, cylindriques et rectilignes. Ce modèle, qui s'appuie sur des données d'essais et certains mécanismes modélisés issus de la littérature, permet d'apporter des éléments de compréhension du comportement de ce type de matériau, et notamment concernant le phénomène de multi-fissuration. La caractérisation des phénomènes mis enjeu durant l'extraction des fibres est le point de départ de cette étude. Les effets de l'inclinaison des fibres par rapport à la direction d'extraction sont pris en compte et interviennent dans le comportement du modèle qui présente la capacité d'utiliser des orientations préférentielles de fibres. Le phénomène de multi-fissuration est représenté grâce à une loi d'effet d'échelle de Weibull qui permet de tenir compte de la dispersion des résistances à la traction du béton et d'expliquer le développement de la multi-fissuration. Cette représentation permet d'obtenir des distributions d'ouvertures de fissures dans des macro-éléments finis, et apporte donc une nouvelle précision dans le calcul des ouvertures de fissures dans des structures de grandes dimensions.A model for the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is developed and implemented in Cast3m finite element software. It completes the orthotropic concrete cracking model Fluendo3D, by adding the ability to treat materials with short, cylindrical and straight fibers. This model, which is based on tests results and assumptions of mechanisms modelled from litterature, provides elements of understanding of the behavior of this type of material, especially concerning the phenomenon of multi-cracking. The characterization of the phenomena involved during the extraction of the fibers is the starting point of this study. The effects of the inclination of the fibers with respect to the direction of extraction are taken into account and intervene in the behavior of the model which presents the capacity to use preferential orientations of fibers. The multi-cracking phenomenon is represented by a Weibull scaling law that allows to take into account the dispersion of the concrete tensile strengths and to explain the development of multi-cracking process. This representation makes it possible to obtain crack opening distributions in macro-finite elements, and thus brings a new precision in the calculation of cracks openings in large structures

Regulation of the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle in the enigmatic diatoms: biochemical and evolutionary variations on an original theme

In Plantae, the Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle is highly regulated and most of its enzymes have been thoroughly studied. Since diatoms arose as a result of secondary endosymbiosis with one or more Plantae ancestors, their precise evolutionary history is enigmatic and complex resulting in biochemical variations on the original CBB cycle theme. The Rubisco Michaelis constant for CO2 is higher in diatoms than land plants and the nuclearencoded Rubisco activase in Plantae is replaced by an analogous chloroplast-encoded CbbX (Calvin–Benson–Bassham protein X) in diatoms. In the CBB cycle reduction phase, phosphoglycerate kinase in diatoms is redox-regulated and similar to that in red algae; however, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is not redox-regulated, unlike in Plantae. The phosphoribulokinase (PRK)-GAPDH-CP12 complex found in many photosynthetic organisms has not yet been found in diatoms, but a ferredoxin-NADP reductase (FNR)-GAPDH-CP12 complex has been found in one species. In the CBB cycle regeneration phase, sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase and PRK are not redox-regulated in diatoms, unlike in Plantae. Regulation at the transcriptional level seems to be important in diatoms. CBB cycle enzyme properties appear to be variable among diatoms, but this view relies on results from a few model species: a greater range of diatoms need to be studied to test this