Programa Bolsa Familia y frecuencia escolar: un análisis con el Censo Demográfico de Brasil de 2010

The Bolsa Família Program goal is to promote social development and poverty reduction, through the direct transfer of conditional cash, in association with other social programs. This study aims to analyze whether Bolsa Família had an association with children’s school attendance, which is one of the educational conditions of the program. Our main hypothesis is that children living in households receiving Bolsa Família had greater chances of attending school. Data from the Ministry of Social Development and Combating Famine indicated that children living in households with Bolsa Família had greater school enrolment levels. By using data from the 2010 Demographic Census, collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), some descriptive analyzes and binary logistic regression models were performed for different thresholds of household per capita income. These estimates were made by comparing children who lived in households receiving Bolsa Família to those children not receiving the program. We took into consideration characteristics about the household, mothers, and children. The results were clustered by the municipality of residence of the child. In all income thresholds, children benefi ting from Bolsa Família were more likely to be enrolled in school, compared to children not receiving the benefi t.El Programa Bolsa Familia tiene el objetivo de promover el desarrollo social y el alivio de la pobreza a través de la transferencia directa de ingresos, en combinación con otros programas sociales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar si el programa Bolsa Familia ha tenido una correlación con la escolarización de los niños de las familias perceptoras de las ayudas, que es una de las condiciones del programa. La hipótesis principal es que el niño residente en hogares benefi ciados por el programa Bolsa Familia tiene más posibilidades de asistir a la escuela. Los datos del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y de Lucha contra el Hambre corroboran esta hipótesis. Utilizando los microdatos del Censo de 2010 recogidos por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística (IBGE), en esta investigación se han realizado análisis descriptivos y modelos de regresión logística binaria para diferentes límites de ingreso per cápita del hogar. Estas estimaciones se han llevado a cabo mediante la comparación de los niños que formaban parte de los hogares benefi ciarios y los que no eran benefi ciarios del programa Bolsa Familia. Se han tenido en cuenta las características del hogar, de la madre y del niño. Los resultados han sido ponderados de acuerdo con el municipio de residencia del niño. En todos los límites de ingresos, los niños benefi ciarios del programa eran más propensos a estar escolarizados, en comparación con los niños no benefi ciarios del programa Bolsa Familia

Hybrid Model For Word Prediction Using Naive Bayes and Latent Information

Historically, the Natural Language Processing area has been given too much attention by many researchers. One of the main motivation beyond this interest is related to the word prediction problem, which states that given a set words in a sentence, one can recommend the next word. In literature, this problem is solved by methods based on syntactic or semantic analysis. Solely, each of these analysis cannot achieve practical results for end-user applications. For instance, the Latent Semantic Analysis can handle semantic features of text, but cannot suggest words considering syntactical rules. On the other hand, there are models that treat both methods together and achieve state-of-the-art results, e.g. Deep Learning. These models can demand high computational effort, which can make the model infeasible for certain types of applications. With the advance of the technology and mathematical models, it is possible to develop faster systems with more accuracy. This work proposes a hybrid word suggestion model, based on Naive Bayes and Latent Semantic Analysis, considering neighbouring words around unfilled gaps. Results show that this model could achieve 44.2% of accuracy in the MSR Sentence Completion Challenge

Soil contamination in colombian playgrounds: effects of vehicles, construction, and traffic

The presence of potentially hazardous elements (PHEs) in playground soils is generally associated with anthropogenic sources such as vehicle traffic, industries, construction sites, and biomass burning. Studies indicate that PHEs are harmful to human health and may even be carcinogenic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical, morphological, and mineralogical properties of soil samples from three public playgrounds located in the cities of Bogota, Medellin, and Barranquilla. Besides, the possible impacts caused by the aerodynamics of particles in Colombian cities were verified. The morphology, composition, and structure of the nanoparticles (NPs) (< 100 nm) present in these soils were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with high-precision field emission (FE) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). Soil samples were predominantly feldspar, quartz, and, to a lesser extent, clay minerals, carbonates, and hematites. The average content of PHEs was anthropogenically enriched in relation to the upper continental crust. As and Sn showed a large spatial variation, indicating the influence of local sources, such as vehicle traffic and industries. There is an inverse relationship between the total concentrations of some elements and their leachable fractions. The accumulation of traffic-derived PHEs has a negative impact on human health and the environment, which is alarming, especially for elements such as Pb, Sb, or As. Therefore, the presence of PHEs should receive greater attention from public health professionals, and limits should be set and exposures controlled. This study includes the construction of a baseline that provides basic information on pollution, its sources, and exposure routes for humans in the vicinity of Colombia’s major cities, characterized by their increasing urbanization and industrialization

Alterações nos atributos químicos do solo proveniente da adição de fontes alternativas portadoras de potássio.

Dada a enorme geodiversidade que ocorre no Brasil, a tecnologia da aplicação de pó de rocha (rochagem) configura-se como uma excelente alternativa ao fornecimento de nutrientes no solo. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de fontes alternativas de nutrientes nos atributos químicos do solo em um experimento de incubação realizado em casa de vegetação. Foi conduzido em vasos com 5 kg preenchidos com um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média, com teor de K (Mehlich-1) de 0,06 cmolc dm-3 de solo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado e os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 5 x 9 x 3, sendo cinco doses de potássio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) e nove fontes alternativas de nutrientes (verdete, 25C:75V, verdete tratado com NH4OH, ultramáfica, 25C:75U, fonolito, 25C:75F, resíduo de mineração, 25C:75R), com três repetições. As fontes alternativas de nutrientes foram aplicadas e incorporadas ao solo, deixando-os em incubação por um período de 45 dias, com a umidade em torno de 70% da capacidade de campo, e, após isto, foram feitas análises do solo. Os fertilizantes potássicos alteraram a disponibilidade de nutrientes, sendo que o resíduo de mineração e sua mistura foram os que mais liberaram K para o solo em todas as doses testadas

Determinants of the Sympatric Host-Pathogen Relationship in Tuberculosis

Major contributions from pathogen genome analysis and host genetics have equated the possibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-evolution with its human host leading to more stable sympatric host-pathogen relationships. However, the attribution to either sympatric or allopatric categories depends on the resolution or grain of genotypic characterization. We explored the influence on the sympatric host-pathogen relationship of clinical (HIV infection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [MDRTB]) and demographic (gender and age) factors in regards to the genotypic grain by using spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) for classification of M. tuberculosis strains within the Euro-American lineage. We analyzed a total of 547 tuberculosis (TB) cases, from six year consecutive sampling in a setting with high TB-HIV coinfection (32.0%). Of these, 62.0% were caused by major circulating pathogen genotypes. The sympatric relationship was defined according to spoligotype in comparison to the international spoligotype database SpolDB4. While no significant association with Euro-American lineage was observed with any of the factors analyzed, increasing the resolution with spoligotyping evidenced a significant association of MDRTB with sympatric strains, regardless of the HIV status. Furthermore, distribution curves of the prevalence of sympatric and allopatric TB in relation to patients' age showed an accentuation of the relevance of the age of onset in the allopatric relationship, as reflected in the trimodal distribution. On the contrary, sympatric TB was characterized by the tendency towards a typical (standard) distribution curve. Our results suggest that within the Euro-American lineage a greater degree of genotyping fine-tuning is necessary in modeling the biological processes behind the host-pathogen interplay. Furthermore, prevalence distribution of sympatric TB to age was suggestive of host genetic determinisms driven by more common variants.Luso-American Development Foundation: (LACR Award program - 2007), European Community fund: (FEDER)

Fontes alternativas de potássio para a nutrição da Brachiaria Brizantha cv Marandu.

As gramíneas forrageiras são relativamente exigentes em potássio (K), principalmente em sistemas intensivos de exploração das pastagens. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de fontes alternativas de nutrientes na produção e nutrição do capim Marandu cultivado em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos com 5 kg preenchidos com um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média, com teor de K (Mehlich-1) de 0,06 cmolc dm-3 no solo em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 5 x 10 x 3, sendo cinco doses de potássio (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg ha-1 de K2O) e nove fontes alternativas de nutrientes (verdete, 25C:75V, verdete tratado com NH4OH, ultramáfica, 25C:75U, fonolito, 25C:75F, resíduo de mineração, 25C:75R) e KCl com três repetições. As fontes alternativas de nutrientes foram aplicadas e incorporadas ao solo, deixando-os em incubação por um período de 45 dias, com a umidade de 70% da capacidade de campo. Foram semeadas 30 sementes por vasos, fez o desbaste deixando cinco plantas por vasos. Após 60 dias após o desbate foi feito o 1º corte das plantas, os demais cortes foram feitos 40 dias depois, totalizando 4 cortes. Quantificou-se a matéria seca (MS) nas partes das plantas, (folhas + colmo + bainha) e raiz. Determinou-se o teor de potássio na parte aérea e a eficiência agronômica (E.A) das rochas. A adubação potássica proporcionou incrementos na produção de matéria seca. A EA da mistura 25C:75R e da ultramáfica foram maiores que a do KCl

Fracionamento de potássio em solos adubados com fontes alternativas.

A maioria dos solos brasileiros é constituída por solos ácidos e pobres em nutrientes. Para torná-los produtivos, são utilizadas grandes quantidades de fertilizantes, que englobam cerca de 40% dos custos variáveis de produção. Dessa forma, buscou-se com este trabalho quantificar as diferentes formas de potássio advindos da aplicação de rochas e resíduo no solo. Foram utilizadas amostras de um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo distrófico de textura média, ao qual foram adicionadas as seguintes fontes alternativas de nutrientes: fonolito, mistura de fonolito, verdete, mistura de verdete, verdete tratado com NH4OH e calcinado (verdete NH4OH), ultramáfica, mistura de ultramáfica, resíduo de mineração de manganês e sua mistura. Com os dados obtidos, foi verificado que os teores de potássio total diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos e as doses de K2O aplicadas, sendo maior nas maiores doses, com exceção do 25:75V, ultramáfica e 25:75U que diferiram apenas em relação à dose zero. Os valores de K na solução são baixos, evidenciando solos bem intemperizados. Notou-se ainda que os tratamentos aplicados resultam na liberação lenta de potássio

Etrace Express: software for risk analysis of trace elements in inorganic fertilizers - user's manual and reference guide.

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