Identification, rearing, and distribution of stick insects of Madeira Island: an example of raising biodiversity awareness

Two species of stick insects are currently known to be present in the Macaronesian archipelagos: Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) (Phasmatodea: Bacillidae) on the Canary Islands and in the Azores and Carausius morosus (Sinéty) (Phasmatidae) in the Azores. Here, we provide the first reliable records of the presence and distribution of C. gallica and C. morosus on Madeira Island. Egg and adult stages are briefly described along with some notes on the life history of these species in captivity. Data on island-wide distribution are based on specimens donated by the public in response to an article published in a daily newspaper. This method of data collection raised great popular interest in stick insects. The role of newspapers as a means of communicating awareness in biodiversity issues is discussed.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Asianidia Zachvatkin (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) associated with the laurisilva forest of Madeira island: species phenology and hostplant preferences

Im Rahmen einer Untersuchung zur Zikadenfauna von Lorbeerwäldern auf Madeira wurden fünf Arten der Gattung Asianidia Zachvatkin nachgewiesen: A. albula, A. decolor, A. insulana, A. chrysanthemi und A. melliferae. In Summe wurden 513 Individuen gesammelt. Die Häufigste Art war Asianidia decolor (47%), gefolgt von A. albula (36%) und A. insulana (16%). A. chrysanthemi und A. melliferae wurden nur in geringer Zahl gefangen. Die Hauptaktivität der Arten ist im Frühjahr und Sommer, A. albula und A. decolor zeigten ein weiteres Abundanzmaximum im November. Asianidia chrysanthemi und A. melliferae sind monophag, die anderen drei Arten oligo- bis polyphag. Im Rahmen dieser Studie konnten neue Nährpflanzenassoziationen zwischen Asianidia-Arten und Pflanzenarten der Lorbeerwälder Madeiras gefunden werden. Die Nährpflanzenspektren der nahe verwandten Arten A. albula und A. decolor zeigten große Ähnlichkeiten, während die systematisch weiter entferne Art A. insulana andere Nährpflanzen nützt. Möglicherweise spielte die unterschiedliche Nahrungspräferenz eine entscheidende Rolle inArtbildungsprozesen der Gattung Asianidia auf Madeira.Five Asianidia Zachvatkin species (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae) - A. albula, A. decolor, A. insulana, A. chrysanthemi and A. melliferae - were found in a survey of the leafhoppers associated with a patch of the laurel forest in Madeira island. A total of 513 specimens were collected as a result of a twoyear study. Asianidia decolor was the most abundant species (47%), followed by A. albula (36%) and A. insulana (16%). A. chrysanthemi and A. melliferae were scarcely found. These leafhoppers proved to be active mostly during spring and summer, but A. albula and A. decolor also showed a peak of abundance during November. The Asianidia species showed considerable variation in host-plant preferences, being some of them monophagous (A. chrysanthemi and A. melliferae), while others are oligophagous or even have a wide range of hostplants (A. albula, A. decolor and A. insulana). During this study new associations were found between these leafhoppers and plants of the Madeiran laurisilva. The host-plant spectra of the closely related Asianidia albula and A. decolor showed considerable overlap. On the contrary, A. insulana, a species of a different lineage, had different host-plants. It is possible that differences in the preference for host-plants might have played a key role in the diversification of Asianidia in the Madeiran laurisilva

Table_1_Trophic interactions of an invasive gecko in an endemic-rich oceanic island: Insights using DNA metabarcoding.XLSX

Understanding the trophic interactions of introduced predators is key for evidence-based management of biological invasions. This is particularly important in oceanic islands, where predator-prey networks often include numerous endemic and range-restricted species. Geckos are successful island colonizers and in recent years numerous species have established populations in a wide array of oceanic islands. One such species is the Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica), which has colonized multiple islands across the Mediterranean basin, Caribbean and Macaronesia. The species was first reported in Madeira Island in 1993 and over the last 30 years has colonized most of the islands' southern coast and expanded to the nearby island of Porto Santo. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to provide the first insights into the diet of this successful colonizer in its introduced range. The species' diet was mainly composed of ground-dwelling arthropods belonging to the families Porcellionidae (Isopoda), Julidae (Diplopoda) and Formicidae (Hymenoptera). The diet richness and composition were not affected by neither sex nor size of adult geckos, instead they both change across populations. However, trophic niche-width differed among size classes, with smaller geckos feeding on a wider range of prey. We identified over 160 different Operational Taxonomic Units in the diet of T. mauritanica, with 21.6% of them belonging to introduced invertebrates and 13.6% to native species. Native prey taxa included the endemic Madeira wall lizard (Teira dugesii), the sole native reptile to Madeira. We also detected several agricultural pests and disease vectors in the diet of this exotic predator, and 19 taxa identified as prey had not yet been recorded to Madeira. Of these, several are serious agricultural pests, highlighting how this introduced gecko can be used as a natural sampler, in particular for the early detection of invasive arthropod pests. This study emphasizes the importance of trophic studies for monitoring the impacts of introduced predators in fragile insular systems.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Trophic interactions of an invasive gecko in an endemic-rich oceanic island: Insights using DNA metabarcoding.docx

Understanding the trophic interactions of introduced predators is key for evidence-based management of biological invasions. This is particularly important in oceanic islands, where predator-prey networks often include numerous endemic and range-restricted species. Geckos are successful island colonizers and in recent years numerous species have established populations in a wide array of oceanic islands. One such species is the Moorish gecko (Tarentola mauritanica), which has colonized multiple islands across the Mediterranean basin, Caribbean and Macaronesia. The species was first reported in Madeira Island in 1993 and over the last 30 years has colonized most of the islands' southern coast and expanded to the nearby island of Porto Santo. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to provide the first insights into the diet of this successful colonizer in its introduced range. The species' diet was mainly composed of ground-dwelling arthropods belonging to the families Porcellionidae (Isopoda), Julidae (Diplopoda) and Formicidae (Hymenoptera). The diet richness and composition were not affected by neither sex nor size of adult geckos, instead they both change across populations. However, trophic niche-width differed among size classes, with smaller geckos feeding on a wider range of prey. We identified over 160 different Operational Taxonomic Units in the diet of T. mauritanica, with 21.6% of them belonging to introduced invertebrates and 13.6% to native species. Native prey taxa included the endemic Madeira wall lizard (Teira dugesii), the sole native reptile to Madeira. We also detected several agricultural pests and disease vectors in the diet of this exotic predator, and 19 taxa identified as prey had not yet been recorded to Madeira. Of these, several are serious agricultural pests, highlighting how this introduced gecko can be used as a natural sampler, in particular for the early detection of invasive arthropod pests. This study emphasizes the importance of trophic studies for monitoring the impacts of introduced predators in fragile insular systems.</p

Origin and expansion of the mosquito Aedes aegypti in Madeira Island (Portugal)

Abstract Historically known as the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti invaded Madeira Island in 2005 and was the vector of the island’s first dengue outbreak in 2012. We have studied genetic variation at 16 microsatellites and two mitochondrial DNA genes in temporal samples of Madeira Island, in order to assess the origin of the invasion and the population structure of this mosquito vector. Our results indicated at least two independent colonization events occurred on the island, both having a South American source population. In both scenarios, Venezuela was the most probable origin of these introductions, a result that is in accordance with the socioeconomic relations between this country and Madeira Island. Once introduced, Ae. aegypti has rapidly expanded along the southern coast of the island and reached a maximum effective population size (N e ) in 2012, coincident with the dengue epidemic. After the outbreak, there was a 10-fold reduction in N e estimates, possibly reflecting the impact of community-based vector control measures implemented during the outbreak. These findings have implications for mosquito surveillance not only for Madeira Island, but also for other European regions where Aedes mosquitoes are expanding