61 research outputs found

    A POSSIBILIDADE DE UMA ABORDAGEM TERRITORIAL DAS POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS COMO INSTRUMENTO PARA A EFETIVAÇÃO DO DIREITO À SEGURANÇA

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    The Public Security issue is one of the most complex challenges in our society, due to the coordination required between public power and civil society, as emphasized in the 1988 Federal Constitution itself. The State has implemented some programs and basic investment operations, with the objective of solving the problem of increasing violence. However, even with the relevance of these investments, it has been insufficient to fight crime, due to the complexity of the factors that interfere in its occurrence. From this perspective, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of the territory and its different uses, as a geographic heuristic angle that allows spatializing the phenomena of violence and thinking about them articulated with territorial qualities, endowing the territory as a relevant factor in the quest to guarantee the right to security. Based on this insight, the present work aims to understand how the territorial approach of public policies can constitute a possibility of an instrument for the implementation of the public security fundamental right, using the State of Piauí as reference. This research constitutes an interdisciplinary perspective between the areas of Law and Geography. In order to meet the objectives of this study, a bibliographic search was carried out on books, periodicals, scientific articles, based on the following authors: Bucci (2002), Pamplona (2016), Antas Junior (2017), among others. Guiding this analyzes, it was used the categories of the Used Territory and the Standardized Territory developed by the geographer Milton Santos (2006). It was found that considering the dynamics of the territory, from its different uses, as a geographic heuristic angle that allows spatializing the phenomena of violence and thinking about them articulated with territorial qualities is a relevant factor in the search for the elaboration of more efficient security policies and consistent with the reality of the territories.A questão da segurança pública é uma das que mais aflige nossa sociedade e uma das mais complexas para se solucionar, tendo em vista que exige a coordenação entre os diversos órgãos do poder público e entre esses e a sociedade, como enfatizado na própria Constituição Federal de 1988. O Estado tem implementado programas, operações básicas de aparelhamento, com o objetivo de equacionar o problema do aumento da violência. No entanto, mesmo diante da relevância desses investimentos, constata-se que isso tem sido insuficiente para o combate à criminalidade, uma vez que tem se entendido cada vez mais a complexidade dos fatores que interferem na ocorrência de um crime. Nessa perspectiva, entende-se necessário considerar a dinâmica do território, a partir dos seus distintos usos, como um ângulo heurístico geográfico que permite espacializar os fenômenos da violência e pensá-los articulados com as qualidades territoriais, dotando o território, como um fator relevante na busca por garantir o direito à segurança. A partir desse discernimento, o presente trabalho tem por escopo compreender como uma abordagem territorial das políticas públicas pode se constituir em uma possibilidade de instrumento para efetivação do direito fundamental à segurança pública, no caso específico do Estado do Piauí. O estudo realizado constitui-se em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar entre as áreas do Direito e da Geografia. Para atender aos objetivos deste estudo realizou-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica em livros, periódicos, artigos científicos, com base nos seguintes autores: Bucci (2002), Pamplona (2016), Antas Junior (2017), entre outros. Para balizarmos nossas análises buscou-se apoio nas categorias de análise do Território Usado e do Território Normado desenvolvidas pelo geógrafo Milton Santos (2006). Constatou-se que considerar a dinâmica do território, a partir dos seus distintos usos, como um ângulo heurístico geográfico que permite espacializar os fenômenos da violência e pensá-los articulados com as qualidades territoriais é um fator relevante na busca pela elaboração de políticas de segurança mais eficientes e coerentes com a realidade dos territórios

    O consumidor digital pode ser considerado um sujeito hipervulnerável?

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    Nos últimos anos, o e-commerce está em constante ascensão, o que foi intensificado em virtude das medidas de isolamento social para combate a Pandemia da Covid-19. Por outro lado, também cresceram significativamente as reclamações e insatisfações dos consumidores digitais. Nesse contexto, faz-se necessário, e, é o objetivo deste trabalho, analisar se o consumidor digital está mais suscetível de sofrer violações e danos do que o consumidor usual e, consequentemente, se pode ser considerado como sujeito hipervulnerável digno de proteção especial pelo Direito. O presente estudo se enquadra como um estudo bibliográfico, do tipo exploratório e descritivo, com a intenção de oportunizar uma percepção mais abrangente em relação ao tema enfocado.

    Educação ambiental na escola: concepções e práticas dos professores da rede pública de ensino no interior do Piauí / Environmental education at school: conceptions and practices of teachers of the public education network in Piauí

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    A Educação Ambiental (EA) é uma ferramenta indispensável para a transformação da consciência ambiental da sociedade e o corpo docente exerce uma importante função na sua inclusão nas instituições de ensino. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral caracterizar as concepções sobre Educação Ambiental dos professores e professoras de escolas da rede pública de Educação Básica de Campo Maior-PI. A pesquisa teve caráter descritivo e como instrumento de pesquisa lançou-se mão de entrevista com utilização de formulário semiestruturado. A pesquisa nos permitiu constatar que as concepções dos (as) discentes sobre EA vão de encontro com uma visão predominantemente conservadora. Conclui-se que ainda tem se um longo caminho a ser percorrido, pois os professores não têm acesso a uma formação continuada, de forma que os educadores trabalham como podem e como sabem essa temática, muitas vezes reproduzindo práticas que foram vivenciadas em seu tempo de escola. 

    Organização financeira familiar em comunidades tradicionais

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    Dentro da contabilidade, inúmeras são as ferramentas que servem de auxílio na organização e planejamento das finanças pessoais e organizacionais. A educação financeira é o meio de prover esses conhecimentos e informações sobre dinheiro e finanças, a fim de contribuir para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e de suas comunidades, tornando-se assim uma importante ferramenta de promoção do desenvolvimento econômico. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a organização financeira familiar da comunidade quilombola Custaneira/Tronco. Trata-se de uma pesquisa básica, descritiva-exploratória, a qual foi realizado um levantamento de dados através de abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa. Considerando os dados sociodemográficos, é possível observar, que dentre os 29 entrevistados, 48% pertence ao sexo masculino e 52% ao sexo feminino, sendo que os mesmos estão compreendidos em uma faixa etária que vai dos 18 anos até acima dos 50. As comunidades quilombolas se caracterizam pela agricultura de subsistência; e a troca de itens básicos de sobrevivência é algo comum entre os membros das famílias. Ao perguntarmos sobre a questão da organização financeira, a maioria dos entrevistados afirmou que hoje em dia é necessário se organizar para tudo que precisam fazer, principalmente na hora de comprar um bem para a casa e lidar com a renda que entra em suas casas

    Representação simbólica das travestis nos ciberespaços e o direito ao esquecimento/ Symbolic representation of transvestites in cyberspace and the right to be forgotten

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    Este trabalho trata-se de um levantamento bibliográfico que investigou a visibilidade e representatividade das travestis nos ciberespaços, na luta pelo espaço de fala. Tem-se como objetivo analisar a aplicabilidade do direito ao esquecimento às travestis nos ciberespaços. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica com caráter narrativo, utilizando as plataformas Google Acadêmico e Scielo para levantamento das informações estudadas e evidenciadas. Este artigo é estruturado em quatro tópicos: Algumas Pontuações sobre as Travestis; Síntese Histórica da Visibilidade Travesti entre as Décadas de 1960 a 1980; O Ciberespaço como Ferramenta no Ativismo dos Movimentos LGBTQIA+; Direito ao Esquecimento e a Dignidade Humana nos Ciberespaços após a Mudança de Gênero. Concluiu-se que o direito ao esquecimento nos ciberespaços não é garantido, sob a justificativa de prevalecer o direito à liberdade de expressão

    Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

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    Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

    Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

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    AimAmazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types.LocationAmazonia.TaxonAngiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots).MethodsData for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny.ResultsIn the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types.Main ConclusionNumerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

    Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities

    Get PDF
    Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran\u27s eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and várzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igapó and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R2^{2} = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R2^{2} = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions

    Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

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    Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

    Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

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    Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
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