Variáveis Familiares e Sintomatologia Psicopatológica em Toxicodependentes em Recuperação

A investigação científica efetuada ao longo dos anos no âmbito da toxicodependência tem mostrado que a vinculação e as experiências vivenciadas na infância com os pais têm impacto na vida adulta, podendo conduzir ao consumo de drogas e ao desenvolvimento de sintomas psicopatológicos. Dado a pertinência do tema, este estudo teve como principais objetivos analisar a relação entre a vinculação, o funcionamento familiar, as memórias sobre os estilos educativos parentais e a sintomatologia psicopatológica em toxicodependentes adultos em recuperação, bem como estudar as diferenças nestas variáveis em função da presença de perturbação psicopatológica, da idade de início, da frequência e das razões do consumo. A amostra foi composta por 40 sujeitos toxicodependentes em recuperação, no Centro de Respostas Integradas de Viseu, 29 indivíduos do sexo masculino e 11 do sexo feminino, com idades compreendidas entre os 25-64 anos (M = 39,88; DP = 8,19), que preencheram voluntariamente os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário Sociodemográfico, Escala de Vinculação do Adulto (EVA), Inventário de Memórias de Infância (EMBU), Escala do Funcionamento Familiar (SCORE-15) e Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos (BSI). Os resultados indicam que uma maior ansiedade da vinculação e uma menor comunicação na família associam-se à presença de mais sintomas psicopatológicos, e quanto menores os recursos familiares maiores os níveis de ideação paranóide e de psicoticismo. Verifica-se que os sujeitos perturbados revelam valores mais elevados de ansiedade da vinculação e de sobreproteção materna, enquanto a confiança nos outros e os recursos familiares são mais percecionados pelos sujeitos não perturbados. A ansiedade e a ansiedade fóbica são os sintomas psicopatológicos mais experienciados pelos indivíduos que não usaram droga no último mês ou há mais de um ano. Os sujeitos que assinalam a curiosidade como principal razão para o consumo da droga são os que manifestam mais sintomas psicopatológicos. Já os sujeitos que indicam os problemas pessoais, familiares, sociais e económicos apresentam mais sintomas de somatização. Por fim, não existem diferenças significativas nos sintomas psicopatológicos em função da idade de início de consumo de drogas. Em conclusão, os principais resultados encontrados permitem verificar a presença de uma associação entre os sintomas psicopatológicos, vinculação e funcionamento familiar. Estes dados evidenciam a necessidade de se continuar a intervir nos fatores de risco individuais e familiares associados aos adultos toxicodependentes em recuperação. / Scientific investigation carried out over the years in the field of drug addiction has shown that the attachment and experiences in childhood with parents have an impact on adult life, which can lead to drug use and the development of psychopathological symptoms. Given the pertinence of the theme, this study had as principal objectives to analyze the relationship between attachment, family functioning, memories about parental rearing styles and psychopathological symptomatology in adult drug addicts under treatment, as well as to study the differences in these variables as a function of presence of psychopathological disorder, age of onset, frequency and reasons for consumption. The sample was composed of 40 subjects undergoing treatment at the Integrated Response Center of Viseu, 29 males and 11 females, with ages between 25-64 years (M = 39.88; SD = 8.19), who voluntarily completed the following instruments: Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Adult Attachment Scale-R (AAS-R), Inventory for Assessing Memories of Parental Rearing Behaviour (EMBU), Systemic Clinical Outcome Routine Evaluation (SCORE-15) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). The results indicate that increased attachment anxiety and reduced communication in the family are associated with the presence of more psychopathological symptoms, and the smaller the family resources the higher the levels of paranoid ideation and psychoticism. It has been verified that disturbed subjects show higher values of attachment anxiety and maternal overprotection, while trust in others and family resources are more perceived by undisturbed subjects. Anxiety and phobic anxiety are the most psychopathological symptoms experienced by individuals who have not used drugs in the last month or more than a year. The subjects that indicate the curiosity as principal reason for the consumption of the drug are those that manifest more psychopathological symptoms. The subjects that indicate the personal, familiar, social and economic problems present more symptoms of somatization. Finally, there are no significant differences in psychopathological symptoms due to the age of onset of drug use. In conclusion, the principal results found allow us to verify the presence of an association between psychopathological symptoms, attachment and family functioning. These data highlight the need to continue to intervene in the individual and family risk factors associated of adult drug addicts being treated

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42·4% vs 44·2%; absolute difference -1·69 [-9·58 to 6·11] p=0·67; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5-8] vs 6 [5-8] cm H2O; p=0·0011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30·5% vs 19·9%; p=0·0004; adjusted effect 16·41% [95% CI 9·52-23·52]; p<0·0001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0·80 [95% CI 0·75-0·86]; p<0·0001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status