Heavy metal pollution in Inebolu and Bartin Ports, Black Sea, Turkey

1600-1608The study was conducted in Inebolu and Bartin ports located in Black Sea region of Turkey between August 2013 and July 2014. Sea water, sediment, and Mytilus galloprovincialis samples were collected from both ports and the amounts of 11 heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in each sample were determined. When the results for sediment samples were compared with the limit values of US EPA, it was found that the port of Bartin was very polluted in terms of Ni, and moderately polluted in terms of Cr and Cu, while the port of Inebolu was very polluted in terms of Cu and moderately polluted in terms of Cr and Ni. Pollution was found in sea water in both ports. When the data of Mytilus galloprovincialis was compared with the meat quality standards of European Commission (EU), it was determined that As, Cd, Cu, and Zn values were high in Inebolu post and As, Cd, and Zn values were high in Bartin port. It was observed that the load diversity, ships, shipyard, submarine maintenance and repair facility, runoffs and rivers and port activities were responsible for the pollution

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The computerization of pipeline design is relatively important for the engineering feasibility of submarine pipelines. The changing environmental conditions make difficulties for the stability calculation of each pipe segment on line. For this reason, the computer study will provide many advantages during the design of pipeline. The different environmental and functional parameters can be easily tried on line and the most suitable size of structure against the extreme environmental conditions can be determined. This study deals with the general design principles especially including the engineering studies, i.e. wave statistical analysis, transformation of waves, stability analysis, and developed computer program to achieve both the stabilization of pipeline and aid for drawing the route together with user in some stages of the design. Finally, the outline of the program is briefly described and a flow chart is presented

Mist cooling technology for thermoelectric power plants

A novel mist-based cooling concept is analyzed with the objective of reducing water consumption in thermoelectric power plants. Additionally, this concept offers the potential to increase electricity generation capacity by lowering the steam condensation temperature. The mist-based cooling concept consists of two independent technologies. The first technology consists of replacing the cooling tower with a two stage heat exchanger consisting of air-cooled and water mist-cooled heat exchangers. The mist-cooled heat exchanger chills the cooling water to near wet bulb temperature ambients which enables lowering of condenser pressures and temperatures. The mist is a saturated air stream at wet bulb temperatures obtained by adding water droplets to ambient air. The air-water ratios and droplet sizes can be optimized to reach wet bulb temperatures with minimum water consumption. The enhanced control of evaporation through mist cooling will allow the mist to reach closer to wet bulb temperatures than cooling towers. The second technology consists of replacing the shell-and-tube condenser with a direct contact condenser, wherein the steam from the Rankine cycle condenses on water mist streams. The large area offered by mist droplets increases heat transfer rates significantly, resulting in compact and low maintenance condensers. Technical and techno-economic analyses are carried out to map the potential of mist cooling technology. The technical analyses show that mist cooling technology can reduce water consumption by up to 65 %, compared to present-day cooling towers of the same power output. Furthermore, by reducing the condenser pressure, the electricity generation capacity can be increased by 4 % while still consuming less water than existing cooling towers. First-order techno-economic analyses have also been conducted to quantify the economic benefits of mist cooling for thermoelectric power plants in Texas. These analyses reveal that mist cooling technology can greatly help 17 out of 18 coal-fired power plants in Texas. It is expected that this technology will significantly benefit other U.S. power plants located in water-stressed areas.Mechanical Engineerin

DISCRETE DYNAMICS IN NATURE AND SOCIETY

Container traffic forecasting is important for the operations and the design steps of a seaport facility. In this study, performances of the novel soft computing models were compared for the container traffic forecasting of principal Turkish seaports (Istanbul, Izmir, and Mersin seaports) with excessive container traffic. Four forecasting models were implemented based on Artificial Neural Network with Artificial Bee Colony and Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithms (ANN-ABC and ANN-LM), Multiple Nonlinear Regression with Genetic Algorithm (MNR-GA), and Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM). Forecasts were carried out by using the past records of the gross domestic product, exports, and population of the Turkey as indicators of socioeconomic and demographic status. Performances of the forecasting models were evaluated with several performance metrics. Considering the testing period, the LSSVM, ANN-ABC, and ANN-LM models performed better than the MNR-GA model considering overall fitting and prediction performances of the extreme values in the testing data. The LSSVM model was found to be more reliable compared to the ANN models. Forecasting part of the study suggested that container traffic of the seaports will be increased up to 60%, 67%, and 95% at the 2023 for the Izmir, Mersin, and Istanbul seaports considering official growth scenarios of Turkey

Treatability of Dye Solutions Containing Disperse Dyes by Fenton and Fenton-Solar Light Oxidation Processes

WOS: 000313241900013This study attempts to explore the possibility of treating dye solutions containing Disperse Yellow 119 and Disperse Red 167 by Fenton and Fenton under solar-light oxidation processes. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of various operating conditions on the performance of the treatment systems. The Fenton results showed that 98.6% spectral absorption coefficient (SAC) and 90.8% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals were proved at pH 3, 50?mg/L Fe2+, and 75?mg/L H2O2, 15?min oxidation time for Disperse Yellow 119. After 40?min solar irradiation time during Fenton process the SAC removal was 99.1%. COD reduction of about 98.3% was observed at the same time. It was also obtained as 97.8% SAC and 97.7% COD removal with pH 3, 75?mg/L Fe2+, 100?mg/L H2O2, and 25?min oxidation time for Disperse Red 167 at this optimum conditions. For Disperse Red 167 during Fenton under solar light process, after 40?min of solar irradiation time the SAC and COD reduction were obtained 99.3 and 98.4%, respectively.Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey [M-284]This work was supported by the Research Fund of Cumhuriyet University under Grant No. M-284, Sivas, Turkey

INVESTIGATION OF COLOR AND COD REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER CONTAINING DISPERSE YELLOW 119 AND DISPERSE RED 167 USING FENTON OXIDATION PROCESS

Textile dye wastewater contains salts and trace elements beside dyestuff and suspended solid ( SS) content. Textile dye wastewater may cause important environmental problems due to high dye contents, important amount of suspended solid content and high chemical oxygen demand ( COD). Dyestuff used in textile dyed is known to be removed in traditional aerobic treatment systems. Recently advanced oxidation processes (AOP) like Fenton process have been successfully used in treatment of industrial wastewater that contains non-biodegredable and toxic matters. Especially Fenton oxidation has been applied for textile dye processes and decolorization of wastewater that contains dye. In this study optimum values were determined for parameters such as pH, Fe(+2) and H(2)O(2), temperature, slow mixing time doses for decolorization by Fenton Process of C.I. Disperse Yellow 119 and Disperse Red 167, two of disperse dyes whose production are increasing more and more everyday and which are used more commonly and intensively for dying polyester fiber. We also evaluated the removal efficiency of color and COD at these optimum conditions. The overall color and COD removal efficiencies were 99.70% and 98.70% for Disperse Yellow 119 and 97.20% and 96.10% for Disperse Red 167 under determined conditions, respectively.Textile dye wastewater contains salts and trace elements beside dyestuff and suspended solid (SS) content. Textile dye wastewater may cause important environmental problems due to high dye contents, important&nbsp;amount of suspended solid content and high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Dyestuff used in textile&nbsp;dyed is&nbsp;known to be removed in traditional aerobic treatment systems. Recently advanced oxidation processes (AOP)&nbsp;like Fenton process have been successfully used in treatment of industrial wastewater that contains non-biodegradable&nbsp;and toxic matters.&nbsp;Especially Fenton oxidation has been applied for textile&nbsp;dye&nbsp;processes&nbsp;and&nbsp;decolorization of wastewater that contains dye.&nbsp;In this study optimum values were determined for parameters&nbsp;such as pH, Fe+2 and H2O2, temperature, slow mixing time doses for decolorization by Fenton Process of C.I.&nbsp;Disperse Yellow 119 and Disperse Red 167, two of disperse dyes whose production are increasing more and&nbsp;more every day and which are used more commonly and intensively for dying polyester fiber. We also evaluated&nbsp;the removal efficiency of color and COD at these optimum conditions. The overall color and COD removal&nbsp;efficiencies were 99.7% and 98.7% for Disperse Yellow 119 and 97.2% and 96.1% for Disperse Red 167&nbsp;under determined conditions, respectively.</p