An overview of biomass combustion technologies with an emphasis on those for agricultural biomass

Nowadays increasing energy needs are experienced, while facing environmental issues as air pollution, global warming and acid rains. Due to many disadvantages of fossil fuels biomass is considered as a possible replacement. For energy purpose biomass could be used in direct combustion or in biogas and biodiesel production. This paper provides a review of different direct biomass combustion technologies, with emphasis on agricultural residual biomass as an energy source. Properties of biomass being used directly affect design of combustion furnace and operating parameter. Many agricultural raw materials which might be considered as a potential waste in fact have a great energy potential and when used for combustion this waste management problem can be reduced or even solved. With biomass usage potential issues are present as storage, high moisture contents, lower heating values and possible high emission of NOx during the combustion. New promising technologies and conventional combustion systems have been considered, among which are furnaces with combustion on grade, pulverized combustion, combustion in the fluidized bed and combustion in pushing furnace. Different agricultural biomass types are contemplated, alongside with applied technologies. Systematic comparison of described technologies is given in accordance with several different criteria, including overview of advantages and disadvantages. To achieve sustainable energy development, new technologies are necessary as well as advancement of the existing ones. In order for that to be achieved, it is important to systematize and categorize biomass combustion technologies.ISAE 2021 : 5th international symposium on agricultural engineering : proceedings; September 30th - October 2nd, 2021; Belgrade, Serbi

On-sky results of the adaptive optics MACAO for the new IR-spectrograph CRIRES at VLT

The adaptive optics MACAO has been implemented in 6 focii of the VLT observatory, in three different flavors. We present in this paper the results obtained during the commissioning of the last of these units, MACAO-CRIRES. CRIRES is a high-resolution spectrograph, which efficiency will be improved by a factor two at least for point-sources observations with a NGS brighter than R=15. During the commissioning, Strehl exceeding 60% have been observed with fair seeing conditions, and a general description of the performance of this curvature adaptive optics system is done.Comment: SPIE conference 2006, Advances in adaptive optics, 12 pages, 11 figure

Concept and optical design of the cross-disperser module for CRIRES

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Oliva, Ernesto, A. Tozzi, D. Ferruzzi, L. Origlia, A. Hatzes, R. Follert, T. Loewinger et al. "Concept and optical design of the cross-disperser module for CRIRES+." In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes+ Instrumentation, pp. 91477R-91477R. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014, which has been published in final form at 10.1117/12.2054381

The STAR Silicon Strip Detector (SSD)

The STAR Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) completes the three layers of the Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) to make an inner tracking system located inside the Time Projection Chamber (TPC). This additional fourth layer provides two dimensional hit position and energy loss measurements for charged particles, improving the extrapolation of TPC tracks through SVT hits. To match the high multiplicity of central Au+Au collisions at RHIC the double sided silicon strip technology was chosen which makes the SSD a half million channels detector. Dedicated electronics have been designed for both readout and control. Also a novel technique of bonding, the Tape Automated Bonding (TAB), was used to fullfill the large number of bounds to be done. All aspects of the SSD are shortly described here and test performances of produced detection modules as well as simulated results on hit reconstruction are given.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, 1 tabl

TAB Bonded SSD Module for the STAR and ALICE Trackers

Presentation made at LEB99, 20-24 September 1999A novel compact detector module has been produced by the "IReS"-"Subatech"-"Thomson-CSF-Detexis" collaboration. It includes a Double-Sided (DS) Silicon Strip Detector (SSD) and the related Front End Electronics (FEE) located on two hybrids, one for the N side and one for the P side. Bumpless Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) is used to connect the detector to the hybrids by means of microcables with neither wirebonding nor pitch adapter. Each of the six dedicated ALICE128C FE chip [1], located on the hybrid, is TABed on identical single layer microcables, which connect its inputs to the DS SSD and its outputs to the hybrid [2]. These microcables are bent in order to fold over the two hybrids on the DS SSD. This module meets the specifications of two experiments, ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) on the LHC accelerator at CERN [3] and STAR (Solenoid Tracker At Rhic) on the RHIC accelerator at BNL (Brookhaven National Laboratory)[4]. It can be used with air cooling (STAR) as well as with water cooling (ALICE)[5]. This mechanically self-consistent FE module has been tested on the SPS beam at CERN. Preliminary results are presented

Production test of microstrip detector and electronic frontend modules for the STAR and ALICE trackers

We revisit Shin et al.’s leakage-resilient password-based authenticated key establishment protocol (LR-AKEP) and the security model used to prove the security of LR-AKEP. By refining the Leak oracle in the security model, we show that LR-AKE (1) can, in fact, achieve a stronger notion of leakage-resilience than initially claimed and (2) also achieve an additional feature of traceability, not previously mentioned