Regulaciones panameñas a los delitos informáticos que afectan los Sistemas de Información Contables Administrativos (SICA)

The great technological innovations, the intrinsic characteristic of Internet, and the increase of inexperienced users, have become the main field of action of the cybercriminals, who are on the lookout to design novel and forms of infraction of the law. In turn, these innovations, which have contributed to what today is well was known as "Globalization”, has played a transcendental role in the world's economic growth and has been without a number of advantages and disadvantages that have worked of benefit and users and organizations. Their growing bond, crosses the borders of countries. On the other hand, the aforementioned non-existence of borders offers a bigger number of opportunities to perpetrate different acts or antisocial behavior, mainly malicious attacks on information systems. These facts have motivated governments to confront history, people, and companies. Regulations to all countries. In 2001, the European Council took on this challenge, trying to mitigate the problem of supranationalism, but according to the UN's comprehensive study in 2013, the real focus of the problem are the least important countries, as these are mostly vulnerable to cybercrime. This is the objective of our investigation since Panama, a developing country and in regard to this type of acts, may suffer damages, to the electronic banking operations and the organizations and users that manage this type of service. This is where the objective and interest of this article arises, to investigate what are the existing regulations in Panama that help control, prevent or mitigate this problem latent worldwide that may specifically affect the Accounting and Administrative Information Systems and therefore the organizations and users that manage them.Los grandes avances tecnológicos, la característica intrínseca del Internet, (inexistencia de fronteras), y el aumento de usuarios inexpertos, se han convertido en el principal campo de acción de cibercriminales que están al asecho para crear novedosas y complejas formas de infringir la ley. A su vez, estos adelantos, que han contribuido a lo que hoy conocemos como “Globalización” han jugado un papel trascendental en el crecimiento económico del mundo, ya que conllevan un sinnúmero de ventajas y desventajas, que han sido de provecho a usuarios y organizaciones. Su creciente vínculo, traspasa las fronteras de los países creando espacios suficientes a diferentes ámbitos de la vida, sociedad, negocios diversos, entre otros. Por otro lado, la mencionada inexistencia de fronteras, ofrece un mayor número de oportunidades a cibercriminales de perpetrar diferentes actos o comportamientos antisociales, principalmente agresiones mal intencionadas a sistemas de información. Estos hechos han motivado a los gobiernos, a hacer frente a tales circunstancias aportando respuestas expeditas que faciliten la protección de los usuarios, tanto empresas como particulares, a través de regulaciones las cuales desde hace mucho tiempo se han tratado de unificar para que exista una misma normativa a todos los países. En 2001 el consejo europeo asumió este reto, tratando así de mitigar el problema de la supranacionalidad, pero de acuerdo al estudio exhaustivo por la ONU en 2013, el verdadero foco del problema son los países menos desarrollados, pues estos son los mayormente vulnerables al cibercrimen.Es de aquí donde surge el objetivo e interés de este artículo, investigar cuales son las regulaciones o normativas existentes en Panamá, que pueden controlar, prevenir o mitigar esta problemática latente a nivel mundial que puedan afectar específicamente a los Sistemas de Información Contables y Administrativos y por ende las organizaciones y usuarios que utilicen los mismos.        &nbsp

Factors Associated with Influenza Vaccination of Hospitalized Elderly Patients in Spain

Vaccination of the elderly is an important factor in limiting the impact of influenza in the community. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with influenza vaccination coverage in hospitalized patients aged ≥ 65 years hospitalized due to causes unrelated to influenza in Spain. We carried out a cross-sectional study. Bivariate analysis was performed comparing vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, taking in to account sociodemographic variables and medical risk conditions. Multivariate analysis was performed using multilevel regression models. We included 1038 patients: 602 (58%) had received the influenza vaccine in the 2013-14 season. Three or more general practitioner visits (OR = 1.61; 95% CI 1.19-2.18); influenza vaccination in any of the 3 previous seasons (OR = 13.57; 95% CI 9.45-19.48); and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination (OR = 1.97; 95% CI 1.38-2.80) were associated with receiving the influenza vaccine. Vaccination coverage of hospitalized elderly people is low in Spain and some predisposing characteristics influence vaccination coverage. Healthcare workers should take these characteristics into account and be encouraged to proactively propose influenza vaccination to all patients aged ≥ 65 year

High Antipredatory Efficiency of Insular Lizards: A Warning Signal of Excessive Specimen Collection?

We live-captured lizards on islands in the Gulf of California and the Baja California peninsula mainland, and compared their ability to escape predation. Contrary to expectations, endemic lizard species from uninhabited islands fled from humans earlier and more efficiently than those from peninsular mainland areas. In fact, 58.2% (n = 146) of the lizards we tried to capture on the various islands escaped successfully, while this percentage was only 14.4% (n = 160) on the peninsular mainland. Separate evidence (e.g., proportion of regenerated tails, low human population at the collection areas, etc.) challenges several potential explanations for the higher antipredatory efficiency of insular lizards (e.g., more predation pressure on islands, habituation to humans on the peninsula, etc.). Instead, we suggest that the ability of insular lizards to avoid predators may be related to harvesting by humans, perhaps due to the value of endemic species as rare taxonomic entities. If this hypothesis is correct, predation-related behavioral changes in rare species could provide early warning signals of their over-exploitation, thus encouraging the adoption of conservation measures

Genetic variability and structure of jaguar (Panthera onca) in Mexican zoos

ArtículoGenealogical records of animals (studbook) are created to avoid reproduction between closely related individuals, which could cause inbreeding, particularly for such endangered species as the Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758). Jaguar is the largest felid in the Americas and is considered an important ecological key species. In Mexico, wild jaguar populations have been significantly reduced in recent decades, and population decline typically accompany decreases in genetic variation. There is no current census of captive jaguars in Mexico, and zoos do not follow a standardized protocol in breeding programs based on genetic studies. Here, we emphasise the importance of maintaining an adequate level of genetic variation and propose the implementation of standardised studbooks for jaguars in Mexico, mainly to avoid inbreeding. In addition, achieving the aims of studbook registration would provide a population genetic characterisation that could serve as a basis for ex situ conservation programmes

Analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence factors in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates

BACKGROUND: In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of primary resistance of Brazilian H. pylori isolates to metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone. In addition, the vacA, iceA, cagA and cagE genotypes of strains isolated from Brazilian patients were determined and associated with clinical data in an effort to correlate these four virulence markers and antibiotic resistance. METHODS: H. pylori was cultured in 155 H. pylori-positive patients and MICs for metronidazole, clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone were determined by the agar dilution method. Genomic DNA was extracted, and allelic variants of vacA, iceA, cagA and cagE were identified by the polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: There was a strong association between the vacA s1/cagA -positive genotype and peptic ulcer disease (OR = 5.42, 95% CI 2.6–11.3, p = 0.0006). Additionally, infection by more virulent strains may protect against GERD, since logistic regression showed a negative association between the more virulent strain, vacA s1/cagA-positive genotype and GERD (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.08–0.8, p = 0.03). Resistance to metronidazole was detected in 75 patients (55%), to amoxicillin in 54 individuals (38%), to clarithromycin in 23 patients (16%), to tetracycline in 13 patients (9%), and to furazolidone in 19 individuals (13%). No significant correlation between pathogenicity and resistance or susceptibility was detected when MIC values for each antibiotic were compared with different vacA, iceA, cagA and cagE genotypes. CONCLUSION: The analysis of virulence genes revealed a specific association between H. pylori strains and clinical outcome, furthermore, no significant association was detected among pathogenicity and resistance or susceptibility

The era of reference genomes in conservation genomics

Progress in genome sequencing now enables the large-scale generation of reference genomes. Various international initiatives aim to generate reference genomes representing global biodiversity. These genomes provide unique insights into genomic diversity and architecture, thereby enabling comprehensive analyses of population and functional genomics, and are expected to revolutionize conservation genomics