Determinants of Livestock Commercialization in Rural Area of Oromia Region: In Case of Pastoral Area of Borena Zone

This study analyzed the major determinants of livestock commercialization in farm household of Oromia Region taking evidence from of pastoral area of Borena zone. In order to achieve these objectives demographic and socio-economic data were collected from 150 randomly selected households. Three -stage sampling procedures were used to select sample farmers as a result a total of 150 household heads were selected randomly from the respective list of farmers using probability sampling techniques. Tobit regression model has been employed so as to identify the major determinants of livestock commercialization. The dependent variables, livestock sales rate of households were regressed against ten explanatory variables, among ten explanatory variables nine (sex of the household, household  family size, access to market information, , size of grazed land, distance from the market, alternative source of income, Total livestock unit, price of livestock and state of road ) of them were found to be statically significant at 1% and 5% level of significance and the remaining one variable (access to education level of the  household) is significant at 10%.Therefore, policy need to focus on supporting households in delivering services in the area of the livestock commercialization in the study area. Especially, focus should be given to the significant variables which determinate the livestock commercialization in farm households of the study area. Keywords: livestock commercialization, Oromia, Borena, Determinant variable, Tobit

The prevalence of intestinal helminthic infections and associated risk factors among school children in Babile town, eastern Ethiopia

No Abstract.Ethiopian Journal of Health Development Vol. 19 (2) 2005: 140-14

Facilitating the creation of IoT applications through conditional observations in CoAP

With the advent of IPv6, the world is getting ready to incorporate smart objects to the current Internet to realize the idea of Internet of Things. The biggest challenge faced is the resource constraint of the smart objects to directly utilize the existing standard protocols and applications. A number of initiatives are currently witnessed to resolve this situation. One of such initiatives is the introduction of Constrained Application Protocol. This protocol is developed to fit in the resource-constrained smart object with the ability to easily translate to the prominent representational state transfer implementation, hypertext transfer protocol (and vice versa). The protocol has several optional extensions, one of them being, resource observation. With resource observation, a client may ask a server to be notified every state change of the resource. However, in many applications, all state changes are not significant enough for the clients. Therefore, the client will have to decide whether to use a value sent by a server or not. This results in wastage of the already constrained resources (bandwidth, processing power,aEuro broken vertical bar). In this paper, we introduced an alternative to the normal resource observation function, named Conditional Observation, where clients tell the servers the criteria for notification. We evaluated the power consumption and number of packets transmitted between clients and servers by using different network sizes and number of servers. In all cases, we found out that the existing observe option results in excessive number of packets (most of them unimportant for the client) and higher power consumption. We also made an extensive theoretical evaluation of the two approaches which give consistent result with the results we got from experimentation

Incidence and Predictors of Mortality among Severe Acute Malnourished Under Five Children Admitted to Dilla University Referal Hospital: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study

Background: Many developing countries continue to experience high mortality of children with severe acute malnutrition that receive treatment in inpatient set ups associated to either co-morbidity or due to poor adherence to the World Health Organization therapeutic guidelines for the management of severe acute malnutrition. Objective: To assess incidence and predictors of mortality among severe acute malnourished under five children admitted to Dilla university referral hospital from 2013 to 2015 Methods: A 36 month retrospective cohort study was conducted among 450 under five children admitted to stabilization centers in Dilla university referral hospital between 2013 and 2015. The data was collected from a randomly selected chart after getting ethical clearance from the Institutional review board of Arba Minch University by trained professionals. Data was entered and cleaned by Epi Info version 7 and analyzed by STATA version 11. Life table was used to estimate the cumulative incidence of death and Log rank tests to compare probability of hazard between variables. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify predictors. Significance was considered at P-value < 0.05 in the multivariate analysis. Model was built by forward step wise procedure; compared by likely hood ratio test and Harrell’s concordance and fitness checked by cox-snell residual plot.Result: A total of 450 children were followed for 7389 person-day of observation; during the follow up period 56(12.4) died making overall incidence density rate of 7.57 (CI=5.83-9.84) per 1000 Person day. Survival at the end of 1st, 2nd and 3rd week was 95%, 88% and 84% respectively and overall mean survival time was 47(95%CI=45-48.6) day. Presence of Altered pulse rate [AHR =5.85, 95% CI= 2.55-13.4], altered body temperature [AHR= 6.94 (95 % CI [2.94-16.4], Shock (AHR=3.15 (95 % CI [1.5-6.5]), IV infusion (AHR=3.24 (95 % CI [1.54-6.8]) and septicemia/meningitis (AHR=2.88(95 % CI [1.413-5.9]) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusion and recommendation: The incidence of death and treatment outcomes was in acceptable ranges. Intervention to further reduce deaths has to focus on children with comorbidities and altered general conditions. Key words: Severe acute malnutrition, Incidence, Under-five children, Dilla, Hospita

エチオピアの製造業部門における経営技能研修と海外からの学習の役割

政策分析プログラム / Policy Analysis Program政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies論文審査委員: 園部 哲史（主査）, 大山 達雄, 大塚 啓二郎, 山野 峰, 鈴木 綾, 戸堂 康之（東京大学

Factors Affecting Adherence to Pediatrics Antiretroviral Therapy in Mekelle Hospital, Tigray Ethiopia

The most important factor in the success of HIV treatment is adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART).The challenge to adherence to ART is particularly serious in Sub-Saharan Africa as the high rates of HIV/AIDS lead to greater numbers of affected individuals. Although long-term good ART adherence has been observed in certain settings of public sectors the magnitude of this challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa remains large and there is evidence for high rates of patient\u27s poor adherence. Study aimed to assess the factors affecting adherence to pediatrics antiretroviral therapy (ART) among children in Mekelle hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia. A Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 226 children on antiretroviral therapy from May 01 to 30/2014 at Mekelle hospital. Data was collected from care givers of children under 15 years old who are on ART. Of the 226 children under 15 years, 90.3 % reported complete adherence to antiretroviral therapy medications at the regular schedule over the past 7 days. Factors associated with adherence were having male care giver (AOR=2.10[1.01, 7.22]), age of the child (AOR=1.43[1.16, 3.98]) below 5 years and use of first line ART drugs (AOR=2.86[1.54, 3.67]). Over all the adherence of children on ART to their medication in this study is relatively higher as compared to others. However, complete adherence is expected in order to make the drugs effective. Different strategies have to be designed to improve the adherence level

Determinants of Food Security in Farm Household in Drought Prone Area of Oromia Region: In Case of Dodota District

This study analyzed the determinants of major determinants of food security in farm household in drought prone area of Oromia Region taking evidence from rural kebele of Doddota wereda. In order to achieve these objectives demographic and socio-economic data were collected from 200 randomly selected households in Dodota District of Arsi Zone Oromia Regional State. The sample households were classified into food secure and food insecure groups based on estimated food expenditure value of meeting Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of 2200 kcal.The summary was made using STATA 11 software. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression model. The descriptive analysis of the study revealed that only 23% of the sample households were food secured and about 77% are food insecure. Binary logistic regression model has been employed to identify the major determinants of Food security.Therefore, policy needs to focus on supporting households in delivering services in the area of the determinants of household food security in the study area. Specially, focus should be given to the significant variables which determinate the food security in farm households of the study area. Keywords: Determinants of food security, binary logit. Oromia, Doddota

ESTIMATING THE FRICTION PERFORMANCE OF HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS BASED ON AGGREGATE PROPERTIES AND ROUTE CHARACTERISTICS: ANALYSIS, MODELING AND VALIDATION

Traffic accidents are one of the major causes of death in the United States. In 2008 alone, more than 37,000 fatalities occurred, accounting for one fatality every thirteen minutes. More than one tenth of fatal accidents occur when pavements are wet and slippery. In wet conditions, a water film is created between the pavement surface and the tire, thereby reducing the amount of available friction. There are several factors that affect the level and type of friction between tires and a wet pavement surface. Some of these factors are microtexture and macrotexture, age of pavement, seasonal and environmental factors, traffic level and composition, individual and blend aggregate properties, binder used in mix, and road location/geometry. The research presented in this dissertation explores the impact of aggregate and mixture properties as well as the role of route characteristics, such as traffic intensity and composition, on the friction performance of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements. In the research, various databases for construction, material, pavement management and traffic condition were examined. The data included 5 years of pavement friction readings, construction and material data, and traffic monitoring data. The research included reviewing aggregate quality requirements and friction measurements, and compiling, categorizing and examining the various databases to develop a working dataset/s. In addition, a methodology was developed to isolate and analyze data specific to a given roadway constructed using a known type of aggregate and mix material. The results were then used to estimate pavement friction service life in terms of cumulative traffic loading. Multivariate Regression methods were employed to establish the relationship between Friction Number (FN) and cumulative AADT, for specific aggregates. The research also included establishing relationships between materialproperties/route characteristics and pavement friction, and investigating/developing a model that can be used to predict the friction performance of pavements based on these factors. Partial Least Squares (PLS) Regression, a type of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method, was used to extract factors from datasets in order to formulate, test and validate several models out of which the most significant model was selected