A GAL4 Driver Resource for Developmental and Behavioral Studies on the Larval CNS of Drosophila

SummaryWe report the larval CNS expression patterns for 6,650 GAL4 lines based on cis-regulatory regions (CRMs) from the Drosophila genome. Adult CNS expression patterns were previously reported for this collection, thereby providing a unique resource for determining the origins of adult cells. An illustrative example reveals the origin of the astrocyte-like glia of the ventral CNS. Besides larval neurons and glia, the larval CNS contains scattered lineages of immature, adult-specific neurons. Comparison of lineage expression within this large collection of CRMs provides insight into the codes used for designating neuronal types. The CRMs encode both dense and sparse patterns of lineage expression. There is little correlation between brain and thoracic lineages in patterns of sparse expression, but expression in the two regions is highly correlated in the dense mode. The optic lobes, by comparison, appear to use a different set of genetic instructions in their development

The impact of immediate breast reconstruction on the time to delivery of adjuvant therapy: the iBRA-2 study

Background: Immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is routinely offered to improve quality-of-life for women requiring mastectomy, but there are concerns that more complex surgery may delay adjuvant oncological treatments and compromise long-term outcomes. High-quality evidence is lacking. The iBRA-2 study aimed to investigate the impact of IBR on time to adjuvant therapy. Methods: Consecutive women undergoing mastectomy ± IBR for breast cancer July–December, 2016 were included. Patient demographics, operative, oncological and complication data were collected. Time from last definitive cancer surgery to first adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing mastectomy ± IBR were compared and risk factors associated with delays explored. Results: A total of 2540 patients were recruited from 76 centres; 1008 (39.7%) underwent IBR (implant-only [n = 675, 26.6%]; pedicled flaps [n = 105,4.1%] and free-flaps [n = 228, 8.9%]). Complications requiring re-admission or re-operation were significantly more common in patients undergoing IBR than those receiving mastectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was required by 1235 (48.6%) patients. No clinically significant differences were seen in time to adjuvant therapy between patient groups but major complications irrespective of surgery received were significantly associated with treatment delays. Conclusions: IBR does not result in clinically significant delays to adjuvant therapy, but post-operative complications are associated with treatment delays. Strategies to minimise complications, including careful patient selection, are required to improve outcomes for patients

A GAL4-Driver Line Resource for Drosophila Neurobiology

We established a collection of 7,000 transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Expression of GAL4 in each line is controlled by a different, defined fragment of genomic DNA that serves as a transcriptional enhancer. We used confocal microscopy of dissected nervous systems to determine the expression patterns driven by each fragment in the adult brain and ventral nerve cord. We present image data on 6,650 lines. Using both manual and machine-assisted annotation, we describe the expression patterns in the most useful lines. We illustrate the utility of these data for identifying novel neuronal cell types, revealing brain asymmetry, and describing the nature and extent of neuronal shape stereotypy. The GAL4 lines allow expression of exogenous genes in distinct, small subsets of the adult nervous system. The set of DNA fragments, each driving a documented expression pattern, will facilitate the generation of additional constructs for manipulating neuronal function

A GAL4-driver line resource for Drosophila neurobiology.

We established a collection of 7,000 transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Expression of GAL4 in each line is controlled by a different, defined fragment of genomic DNA that serves as a transcriptional enhancer. We used confocal microscopy of dissected nervous systems to determine the expression patterns driven by each fragment in the adult brain and ventral nerve cord. We present image data on 6,650 lines. Using both manual and machine-assisted annotation, we describe the expression patterns in the most useful lines. We illustrate the utility of these data for identifying novel neuronal cell types, revealing brain asymmetry, and describing the nature and extent of neuronal shape stereotypy. The GAL4 lines allow expression of exogenous genes in distinct, small subsets of the adult nervous system. The set of DNA fragments, each driving a documented expression pattern, will facilitate the generation of additional constructs for manipulating neuronal function

Fly Light Split-GAL4 Driver Collection

<p>The data presented on this site are the work of the <a href="http://janelia.org/team-project/fly-light" target="_blank">Janelia FlyLight Project Team</a> and the laboratories of <a href="http://www.janelia.org/lab/rubin-lab" target="_blank">Gerald M. Rubin</a>. </p><p>The split-GAL4 lines can be requested from the Janelia fly facility by performing a search and adding the desired lines to your cart. You will then be able to use the FlyBank website to tell us where to send them. For additional help ordering lines, please contact us at <a href="mailto:flybank.janelia.org">flybank.janelia.org</a></p><p>In publications, please attribute the data presented on this site to one of the following papers, as follows: <br><br>For the overall strategy and methods used to produce the split-GAL4 lines for the mushroom body neurons: <br>Aso, Y., Hattori, D., Yu, Y., Johnston, R. M., Iyer, N., Ngo, T. B., Dionne, H., Abbott, L. F., Axel, R., Tanimoto, H. & Rubin, G. M. . The neuronal architecture of the mushroom body provides a logic for associative learning. <a href="http://elifesciences.org/content/3/e04577" target="_blank">eLife (2014) 3:e04577</a><br><br>For split-GAL4 lines for the Lobula Columnar (LC) visual projection neurons:<br>Wu, M., Nern, A., Williamson, W. R., Morimoto, M. M., Reiser, M. B., Card, G. M. & Rubin, G. M. Visual projection neurons in the Drosophila lobula link feature detection to distinct behavioral programs. under review<br><br>For refinement of the split-GAL4 vectors and methodology: <br>Pfeiffer, B. D., Ngo, T. T., Hibbard, K. L., Murphy, C., Jenett, A., Truman, J. W. & Rubin, G. M. Refinement of tools for targeted gene expression in Drosophila. <a href="http://www.genetics.org/content/186/2/735.long" target="_blank">Genetics (2010) 186: 735-55</a>. <br><br>For Multicolor Flp-out (MCFO) technique and single cell labeling:<br>Nern, A., Pfeiffer, B.D., and Rubin, G.M. Optimized tools for multicolor stochastic labeling reveal diverse stereotyped cell arrangements in the fly visual system. <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/22/E2967.long" target="_blank">Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2015) 112: E2967-2976</a>. <br><br>Split-GAL4 lines were designed based on the expression patterns of GAL4 driver lines in the adult nervous system: <br>The Janelia collection of lines is described in Jenett, A., Rubin, G.M., Ngo, T.-T. B., Shepherd, D., Murphy, C., Dionne, H., Pfeiffer, B.D., Cavallaro, A., Hall, D., Jeter, J., Iyer, N., Fetter, D., Hausenfluck, J.H., Peng, H., Trautman, E., Svirskas, R., Myers, G.W., Iwinski, Z.R., Aso, Y., DePasquale, G.M., Enos, A., Hulamm, P., Lam, S.C.B., Li, H-H., Laverty, T., Long, F., Qu, L., Murphy, S.D., Rokicki, K., Safford, T., Shaw, K., Simpson, J.H., Sowell, A., Tae, S., Yu, Y., Zugates, C.T. A GAL4-Driver Line Resource for Drosophila Neurobiology. <a href="http://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(12)00292-6" target="_blank">Cell Reports (2012) 2: 991-1001</a> <br><br>The VT collection of lines is described in Kvon, E.Z., Kazmar, T., Stampfel, G., Yanez-Cuna, J.O., Pagani, M., Schernhuber, K., Dickson, B.J., and Stark, A. Genome-scale functional characterization of Drosophila developmental enhancers in vivo. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13395.html" target="_blank">Nature (2014) 512: 91-95</a> and Barry J. Dickson, unpublished data. <br><br>For opening and viewing h5j and LSM stacks:<br>Use <a href="http://fiji.sc/" target="_blank">Fiji</a> (<a href="http://fiji.sc/" target="_blank">http://fiji.sc</a>). Fiji has a built-in plugin (H5J_Loader_Plugin-1.0.4) for opening stack in h5j format, a "visually lossless" compression format.</p