Professions of exchange: Circulating expertise between Spanish Habsburg lands and Saadian Morocco

El present article reuneix diversos escrits de l’«alfaqueque flamenco» i traduc-tor marroquí Jorge de Henin (floruit1597-1628), per il·lustrar com la categoria professional d’home d’estat va sorgir gràcies a les estratègies de construcció de la identitat i la imatge pública desenvolupades per diferents agents que buscaven créixer en el si de la Monarquia Hispànica. La seva professió no era la d’un estadista, sinó la d’un intermediari professional que s’assegurava fer de manera correcta diferents traduccions entre poders mediterranis separats per profundes rivalitats religioses, polítiques i econòmiques. Les seves elogioses credencials —redemptor de captius, conseller reial, expert en economia—, juntament amb la seva facilitat per als idiomes i la seva habilitat per fer de traductor entre parlants holandesos, àrabs i espanyols, van ser el nucli de la identitat de Henin com a home pràctic o d’experiència —un paper que final-ment ell va equiparar al d’home d’estat— capaç de garantir la reforma i l’èxit de la monarquia espanyola.This article brings together the varied writings of the «Flemish alfaqueque» and Moroccan translator, Jorge de Henin (floruit 1597-1628), to illustrate how the professional category of hombre de estado emerged from strategies of self-fashioning by diverse agents seeking positions in the Spanish monarchy. This profession was not that of a statesman, but rather a professional interme-diary who ensured the success of diverse translations across deep religious, political, and economic rivalries among Mediterranean powers. Along with his other self-vaunted credentials—redeemer of captives, royal advisor, eco-nomic expert—Henin’s facility with languages and his ability to translate be-tween Dutch, Arabic, and Spanish speakers was at the core of his persona as an hombre práctico or deexperiencia—a role he eventually came to character-ize as hombre de estado—who could ensure the reform and success of the Spanish state.El presente artículo reúne varios escritos del «alfaquequeflamenco» y traduc-tor marroquí Jorge de Henin (floruit1597-1628), para ilustrar cómo la cate-goría profesional de hombre de Estado surgió gracias a las estrategias de construcción de la identidad y la imagen pública desarrolladas por diferentes agentes que buscaban medrar en el seno de la Monarquía Hispánica. Su profesión no era la de un estadista, sino la de un intermediario profesional que se aseguraba de realizar de modo correcto diferentes traducciones entre poderes mediterráneos a los que separaban profundas rivalidades religiosas, políticas y económicas. Sus elogiosas credenciales —redentor de cautivos, consejero real, experto en economía— junto con su facilidad para los idio-mas y su habilidad para hacer de traductor entre hablantes holandeses, ára-bes y españoles fueron el núcleo de la identidad de Henin como hombre práctico o de experiencia —un papel que finalmente él equiparó al de hom-bre de Estado— capaz de garantizar la reforma y el éxito de la monarquía española

Gobernar por traducción: la memoria de los traductores estatales en la política árabe de los Austrias

This article offers a history of translation in the Spanish Habsburg monarchy that focuses on the tandem of translation and state administration. This tandem contributed to a Habsburg Arabic language politics that aimed to expand, defend, and celebrate the dominions of the Spanish Hapsburgs over Arabic-speaking peoples in Iberia and North Africa. Using archival and print documents other than translations–especially those meant to promote the genealogies and collective memories of certain «translator dynasties» at the height of the seventeenth-century Spanish craze for genealogy–the Hapsburg Arabic politics is shown to be much more pervasive than the (also pervasive) direct translation of Arabic documents. Arabic translators certainly contributed to Arabic politics in the Peninsula and in the Mediterranean, but they were not the only ones who ensured that the Monarchy’s reputation could rely on ongoing dominion over Arabic-speaking peoples and control of a prestigious Arabic past.Este artículo ofrece una historia de la traducción en la España de los Austrias que analiza las relaciones entre traducción y administración estatal. Este tándem contribuyó a una política árabe que pretendía ampliar, defender y celebrar el dominio de los Austrias españoles sobre sujetos arabo-parlante en Iberia y en el norte de África. Este estudio descansa sobre un fondo documental producido por algunas familias de traductores que a lo largo de los siglos XVI y XVII participaron en la política árabe de los Austrias. Ahora bien, y como bien lo demuestran estas familias, esta política no se limitó a un grupo especializado de traductores de árabe. Un abanico amplio de agentes administrativos aseguró la reputación y el dominio del Rey Católico en materias lingüísticas y historiográficas tocantes a los sujetos arabo-parlantes y al pasado árabe de su monarquía

A nexus perspective on competing land demands: Wider lessons from a UK policy case study

As nations develop policies for low-carbon transitions, conflicts with existing policies and planning tools are leading to competing demands for land and other resources. This raises fundamental questions over how multiple demands can best be managed. Taking the UK as an empirical example, this paper critiques current policies and practices to explore the interdependencies at the water-energy-food nexus. It considers how current land uses and related policies affect the UK’s resilience to climate change, setting out an agenda for research and practice relevant to stakeholders in land-use management, policy and modelling. Despite recent progress in recognising such nexus challenges, most UK land-related policies and associated science continue to be compartmentalised by both scale and sector and seldom acknowledge nexus interconnections. On a temporal level, the absence of an over-arching strategy leaves inter-generational trade-offs poorly considered. Given the system lock-in and the lengthy policy-making process, it is essential to develop alternative ways of providing dynamic, flexible, practical and scientifically robust decision support for policy-makers. A range of ecosystem services need to be valued and integrated into a resilient land-use strategy, including the introduction of non-monetary, physical-unit constraints on the use of particular services

Synthesis of a Series of Diaminoindoles

[Image: see text] A selection of 3,4-diaminoindoles were required for a recent drug discovery project. To this end, a 10-step synthesis was developed from 4-nitroindole. This synthesis was subsequently adapted and used to synthesize 3,5-; 3,6-; and 3,7-diaminoindoles from the corresponding 5-, 6-, or 7-nitroindole. These novel intermediates feature orthogonal protecting groups that allow them to be further diversified. This is the first reported synthesis of these types of compounds

The Circulation of Foreign News and the Construction of Imperial Ideals: The Spanish Translators of Aḥmad al-Manṣūr

A lo largo del reinado de Aḥmad al-Manṣūr (1578-1603), una gran cantidad de noticias e información sobre los acontecimientos políticos y religiosos de Europa circulaban en el reino de Marruecos. Dicha información aparecía en las representaciones y correspondencias elaboradas en la corte marroquí. La información fue transmitida en parte por agentes españoles, portugueses, ingleses, franceses, e holandeses, pero su incorporación en el sistema de información y representación del sultán corrió a cargo del traductor oficial español. Se adoptaron las noticias extranjeras transmitidas por el traductor español en una serie de discursos reales variados. El uso de información euro-pea formó parte de las estrategias de representación imperial de al-Manṣūr, tanto para audiencias musulmanas como cristianas During the reign of Aḥmad al-Manṣūr (1578-1603), a good deal of news and information about European political and religious affairs circulated in Morocco and was used in official discourses generated in the Moroccan court. This information was transmitted in part by a range of European agents from Spain, Portugal, England, France, and the Netherlands, but the key figure in its reception and use in the Moroccan court was the Spanish translator, who worked alongside al-Manṣūr’s secretaries and other chancellery officials. Foreign news, as relayed by the Spanish translator, was adapted into different royal discourses and was used along with other strategies of representation to reinforce al-Manṣūr’s claims to sovereign and imperial legitimacy before Muslim and Christian audiences.  

Nitrogen deficiency in Arabidopsis affects galactolipid composition and gene expression and results in accumulation of fatty acid phytyl esters

Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plants because it represents a major constituent of numerous cellular compounds, including proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids and lipids. While N deprivation is known to have severe consequences for primary carbon metabolism, the effect on chloroplast lipid metabolism has not been analysed in higher plants. Nitrogen limitation in Arabidopsis led to a decrease in the chloroplast galactolipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and a concomitant increase in digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), which correlated with an elevated expression of the DGDG synthase genes DGD1 and DGD2. The amounts of triacylglycerol and free fatty acids increased during N deprivation. Furthermore, phytyl esters accumulated containing medium-chain fatty acids (12:0, 14:0) and a large amount of hexadecatrienoic acid (16:3). Fatty acid phytyl esters were localized to chloroplasts, in particular to thylakoids and plastoglobules. Different polyunsaturated acyl groups were found in phytyl esters accumulating in Arabidopsis lipid mutants and in other plants, including 16:3 and 18:3 species. Therefore N deficiency in higher plants results in a co-ordinated breakdown of galactolipids and chlorophyll with deposition of specific fatty acid phytyl esters in thylakoids and plastoglobules of chloroplasts

Ecoregional Dominance in Spatial Distribution of Avian Influenza (H5N1) Outbreaks

Recent articles in Emerging Infectious Diseases (1,2) and elsewhere (3,4) have highlighted the role of Anatidae migration in dispersal of the H5N1 subtype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. Although these articles point out that identifying the geographic origin of migrating waterfowl is needed to understand and predict pathogen dispersal, study analyses have been limited to pathways with nominal reference to climatic and vegetation patterns that control spatiotemporal patterns of this migration

Distinct Genomic Features Characterize Two Clades of <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i>: Proposal of <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> Subsp. <i>diphtheriae</i> Subsp. nov. and <i>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</i> Subsp. <i>lausannense</i> Subsp. nov.

&lt;i&gt;Corynebacterium diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; is the etiological agent of diphtheria, a disease caused by the presence of the diphtheria toxin. However, an increasing number of records report non-toxigenic &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; infections. Here, a &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; strain was recovered from a patient with a past history of bronchiectasis who developed a severe tracheo-bronchitis with multiple whitish lesions of the distal trachea and the mainstem bronchi. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), performed in parallel with PCR targeting the toxin gene and the Elek test, provided clinically relevant results in a short turnaround time, showing that the isolate was non-toxigenic. A comparative genomic analysis of the new strain (CHUV2995) with 56 other publicly available genomes of &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; revealed that the strains CHUV2995, CCUG 5865 and CMCNS703 share a lower average nucleotide identity (ANI) (95.24 to 95.39%) with the &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; NCTC 11397 &lt;sup&gt;T&lt;/sup&gt; reference genome than all other &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; genomes (&gt;98.15%). Core genome phylogeny confirmed the presence of two monophyletic clades. Based on these findings, we propose here two new &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; subspecies to replace the lineage denomination used in previous multilocus sequence typing studies: &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;lausannense&lt;/i&gt; subsp. nov. (instead of lineage-2), regrouping strains CHUV2995, CCUG 5865, and CMCNS703, and &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; subsp. &lt;i&gt;diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; subsp. nov, regrouping all other &lt;i&gt;C. diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; in the dataset (instead of lineage-1). Interestingly, members of subspecies &lt;i&gt;lausannense&lt;/i&gt; displayed a larger genome size than subspecies &lt;i&gt;diphtheriae&lt;/i&gt; and were enriched in COG categories related to transport and metabolism of lipids (I) and inorganic ion (P). Conversely, they lacked all genes involved in the synthesis of pili (SpaA-type, SpaD-type and SpaH-type), molybdenum cofactor and of the nitrate reductase. Finally, the CHUV2995 genome is particularly enriched in mobility genes and harbors several prophages. The genome encodes a type II-C CRISPR-Cas locus with 2 spacers that lacks &lt;i&gt;csn2&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;cas4&lt;/i&gt; , which could hamper the acquisition of new spacers and render strain CHUV2995 more susceptible to bacteriophage infections and gene acquisition through various mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer