6 research outputs found
Olive Actual âon Yearâ Yield Forecast Tool Based on the Tree Canopy Geometry Using UAS Imagery
Olive has a notable importance in countries of Mediterranean basin and its profitability
depends on several factors such as actual yield, production cost or product price. Actual âon
yearâ Yield (AY) is production (kg tree-1) in âon yearsâ, and this research attempts to relate it with
geometrical parameters of the tree canopy. Regression equation to forecast AY based on manual
canopy volume was determined based on data acquired from different orchard categories and
cultivars during different harvesting seasons in southern Spain. Orthoimages were acquired with
unmanned aerial systems (UAS) imagery calculating individual crown for relating to canopy volume
and AY. Yield levels did not vary between orchard categories; however, it did between irrigated
orchards (7000â17,000 kg ha-1) and rainfed ones (4000â7000 kg ha-1). After that, manual canopy
volume was related with the individual crown area of trees that were calculated by orthoimages
acquired with UAS imagery. Finally, AY was forecasted using both manual canopy volume and
individual tree crown area as main factors for olive productivity. AY forecast only by using individual
crown area made it possible to get a simple and cheap forecast tool for a wide range of olive orchards.
Finally, the acquired information was introduced in a thematic map describing spatial AY variability
obtained from orthoimage analysis that may be a powerful tool for farmers, insurance systems,
market forecasts or to detect agronomical problems
Sulfonated poly(vinyl alcohol)/graphene oxide composite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Different crosslinked composite membranes of Poly(vinyl Alcohol) PVA with sulfosuccinic acid SSA as crosslinking agent and graphene oxide GO were prepared and characterized as a function of the sulfonating degree and GO percentage of each component. The chemical structure of membranes was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The good dispersion of GO into the polymer matrix was verified by scanning transmission microscopy SEM. The proton conductivity of the membranes in fully hydrated state was also investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS. To measure the potential use of PVA membranes as electrolyte were tested in a single proton exchange membrane fuel cell PEMFC. The results reveal that the addition of graphene oxide GO improves the thermal and mechanical stability of the composite membranes. The proton conductivity of the prepared membranes strongly increases by combination of matrix's sulfonating and introduction of GO nanoparticles. Thus, the sulfonating of the polymer matrix in the 30sPVA/SSA/GO membrane increases the proton conductivity a 42% and a 67% of maximum power density respect its homologue 30PVA/SSA membrane. In addition, 30sPVA/SSA/sGO membrane shows the lowest values of proton conductivity and maximum power density, which is consistent with the obtained water uptake values and confirms the improvement of barrier property of these composite membranes