5 research outputs found
Leilões primários de tĂtulos pĂşblicos brasileiros : uma análise das letras do Tesouro Nacional
O aumento da participação dos tĂtulos pĂşblicos prĂ©-fixados no total da dĂvida pĂşblica sempre foi um objetivo perseguido pelas autoridades brasileiras. No entanto, isto sĂł foi possĂvel durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real. Muitos trabalhos empĂricos foram realizados recentemente com o intuito de testar alguns pressupostos da teoria de leilões, porĂ©m, Silva (2002) foi o Ăşnico trabalho realizado usando o Brasil como exemplo. O presente trabalho utiliza estatĂsticas mais confiáveis que Silva (2002), alĂ©m de realizar testes empĂricos relacionando o mercado primário de tĂtulos pĂşblicos ao mercado secundário. A principal conclusĂŁo a que chegamos Ă© que nos leilões de tĂtulos pĂşblicos prĂ©fixados os pressupostos teĂłricos nĂŁo sĂŁo válidos, podendo ser fruto da pequena liquidez presente no mercado primário.The increase of the share of fixed-rate bills in the public debt was always a goal to be pursued by the Brazilian authorities; nevertheless, this was only possible during a short period of time in the first years of the Real Plan. Many empirical works were recently elaborated with the intent to test the auction theory hypothesis, but only Silva (2002) used Brazilian data. This present dissertation uses more trustworthy figures than Silva’s work, beyond the realization of empirical tests relating the primary market to the secondary market. The most important contribution is that in the fixed rate Brazilian’s treasury auction, the estimated theoreticians do not function, and this could be due to the primary market’s low liquidity
Leilões primários de tĂtulos pĂşblicos brasileiros : uma análise das letras do Tesouro Nacional
O aumento da participação dos tĂtulos pĂşblicos prĂ©-fixados no total da dĂvida pĂşblica sempre foi um objetivo perseguido pelas autoridades brasileiras. No entanto, isto sĂł foi possĂvel durante os primeiros anos do Plano Real. Muitos trabalhos empĂricos foram realizados recentemente com o intuito de testar alguns pressupostos da teoria de leilões, porĂ©m, Silva (2002) foi o Ăşnico trabalho realizado usando o Brasil como exemplo. O presente trabalho utiliza estatĂsticas mais confiáveis que Silva (2002), alĂ©m de realizar testes empĂricos relacionando o mercado primário de tĂtulos pĂşblicos ao mercado secundário. A principal conclusĂŁo a que chegamos Ă© que nos leilões de tĂtulos pĂşblicos prĂ©fixados os pressupostos teĂłricos nĂŁo sĂŁo válidos, podendo ser fruto da pequena liquidez presente no mercado primário.The increase of the share of fixed-rate bills in the public debt was always a goal to be pursued by the Brazilian authorities; nevertheless, this was only possible during a short period of time in the first years of the Real Plan. Many empirical works were recently elaborated with the intent to test the auction theory hypothesis, but only Silva (2002) used Brazilian data. This present dissertation uses more trustworthy figures than Silva’s work, beyond the realization of empirical tests relating the primary market to the secondary market. The most important contribution is that in the fixed rate Brazilian’s treasury auction, the estimated theoreticians do not function, and this could be due to the primary market’s low liquidity
Chronic Voluntary Alcohol Consumption Alters Promoter Methylation and Expression of <i>Fgf-2</i> and <i>Fgfr1</i>
Alcohol abuse accounts for 3.3 million deaths annually, rendering it a global health issue. Recently, fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and its target, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), were discovered to positively regulate alcohol-drinking behaviors in mice. We tested whether alcohol intake and withdrawal alter DNA methylation of Fgf-2 and Fgfr1 and if there is a correlation regarding mRNA expression of these genes. Blood and brain tissues of mice receiving alcohol intermittently over a six-week period were analyzed using direct bisulfite sequencing and qRT-PCR analysis. Assessment of Fgf-2 and Fgfr1 promoter methylation revealed changes in the methylation of cytosines in the alcohol group compared with the control group. Moreover, we showed that the altered cytosines coincided with binding motives of several transcription factors. We also found that Fgf-2 and Fgfr1 gene expression was significantly decreased in alcohol-receiving mice compared with control littermates, and that this effect was specifically detected in the dorsomedial striatum, a brain region involved in the circuitry of the reward system. Overall, our data showed alcohol-induced alterations in both mRNA expression and methylation pattern of Fgf-2 and Fgfr1. Furthermore, these alterations showed a reward system regional specificity, therefore, resembling potential targets for future pharmacological interventions