71 research outputs found
On the occurrence of Scinax kennedyi (Pyburn, 1973) (Anura, Hylidae) in the state of Roraima, northern Brazil
Scinax comprises 129 species of treefrogs divided between the S. ruber and the S. catharinae clades. The S. rostratus group belongs to the S. ruber clade, and comprises ten species characterized by having a dark interorbital triangular mark, tubercle on the heel and by vocalizing in a head-down position. Within this group, S. kennedyi and S. rostratus are similar in that they are the only species that do not possess a row of tubercles on the lower jaw. In spite of their morphological similarity, they can be distinguished from each other by male size and advertisement call traits. Scinax kennedyi was described from eastern Colombia, and occurs from central Colombia to western Venezuela, whereas S. rostratus was described from northern Venezuela, and is thought to occur from Panama to eastern Venezuela, and in the Brazilian state of Parå. A recent study reported a population identified as S. rostratus from the state of Roraima, in northern Brazil. However, this population presented substantial differences in male size and advertisement call in comparison to the described for this species, and apparently it best fits the diagnosis of S. kennedyi instead. In view of this, the present study aimed to clarify the identity of this Brazilian population through a reassessment of its specimens and call recordings, together with the examination of data of S. kennedyi from its type locality, and of S. rostratus from northern Venezuela. Acoustic and morphological analyses revealed that specimens from northern Brazil were indeed misidentified as S. rostratus, and hence they were herein reassigned to S. kennedyi. The study therefore demonstrates the occurrence of S. kennedyi in Brazil, extending its distribution ca. 1,120 km east by south from its type locality, and ca. 844 km east-southeast from its easternmost previous record. With this reassessment, a clearer acoustic diagnosis between S. kennedyi and S. rostratus was provided, as well as further data on fine-scale temporal traits of their calls
Redescription of the advertisement calls of Scinax tigrinus and Scinax maracaya (Anura: Hylidae) and an evaluation of their differential diagnosis
Tree-frogs of the genus Scinax comprises the richest group within Hylinae. In this paper we seek to contribute to the taxonomy of S. maracaya and S. tigrinus re-describing their advertisement call and trying to provide an acoustic diagnosis for them. Scinax tigrinus calls had duration of 213 ms with around 9 pulses per call; calls emitted at 62/min; pulses duration of 13 ms with intervals of 9 ms and a rate of 46/sec; frequency peak at 3.13 kHz. Scinax maracaya calls had duration of 306 ms with around 13 pulses per call; calls emitted at 49/min; pulses duration of 15 ms with intervals of 8 ms and a rate of 42/sec; frequency peak at 2.99 kHz. Our data on S. tigrinus are in agreement to those from the literature extending its distribution of 200 km southward. Described calls of S. maracaya differed from ours in frequency and pulse duration what we attribute to different technologies used for records and analyzes. Calls had no diagnostic feature between species but were significantly different in duration and pulses number. Scinax tigrinus and S. maracaya represents another instance where frogs species can be differentiated morphologically but are relatively acoustically conserved.(Redescrição dos cantos de anĂșncio de Scinax tigrinus e S. maracaya (Anura: Hylidae) com uma avaliação de suas diagnoses diferenciais). Pererecas do gĂȘnero Scinax compreendem um grupo conspĂcuo dentro de Hylidae e sua distribuição se extende do sudeste do MĂ©xico atĂ© o norte da Argentina. No presente trabalho, re-descrevemos os cantos de anĂșncios de S. maracaya e S. tigrinus e comparamos seus cantos a fim de avaliar suas diagnoses diferenciais. TambĂ©m estendemos a distribuição conhecida de S. tirinus ca. de 200 km para o sul da localidade tipo. Nossa caracterização do canto de anĂșncio de S. tigrinus estĂĄ de acordo com o apresentado na literatura. Em relação aos cantos de S. maracaya e a descrição original na literatura, algumas diferenças em relação Ă frequĂȘncia e duração dos pulsos sĂŁo observadas. Quando comparados os cantos de anĂșncios de ambas as espĂ©cies, nenhuma caracterĂstica diagnĂłstica pĂŽde ser observada entre elas, apesar de que diferenças significativas foram encontradas na duração e nĂșmero de pulsos por canto. S. tigrinus e S. maracaya representam um exemplo onde espĂ©cies podem ser diferenciadas morfologicamente, principalmente pela coloração e textura dorsais, mas sĂŁo relativamente conservadas acusticamente. A similaridade entre os cantos Ă© esperada, visto que as espĂ©cies ocorrem em alopatria e, portanto, nĂŁo hĂĄ pressĂŁo seletiva causando o deslocamento de carĂĄter entre os cantos
A reassessment of the vocalizations of three species of Ololygon (Anura:âHylidae) from southeastern Brazil
As vocalizaçÔes de Ololygon hiemalis, O. ranki e O. canastrensis sĂŁo redescritas para fornecer detalhes adicionais em seus complexos repertĂłrios vocais. A diagnose acĂșstica de O. hiemalis Ă© atualizada em relação ao seus congĂȘneres, especialmente em relação ao seu morfologicamente semelhante O. ranki, o qual nĂłs tambĂ©m avaliamos suas diagnoses morfolĂłgicas. TrĂȘs tipos distintos de notas sĂŁo reconhecidos na vocalização das trĂȘs espĂ©cies (grunhido curto, grunhido longo e estalos), os quais sĂŁo emitidos em diferentes organizaçÔes acĂșsticas. A principal organização acĂșstica das trĂȘs espĂ©cies Ă© aqui referida como o canto Tipo âAâ, cada um dos quais possui uma estrutura multi-nota composta de uma sĂ©rie de grunhidos curtos com aumento nota por nota em amplitude ao longo da duração do canto. O canto Tipo A de O. hiemalis nĂŁo foi descrito na descrição original da espĂ©cie. O canto Tipo A de topĂłtipos de O. ranki assemelha-se estruturalmente com os cantos descritos na descrição original da espĂ©cie. Da mesma forma, o canto Tipo A de O. canastrensis Ă© equivalente Ă queles cantos descritos na descrição original da espĂ©cie. Embora Ololygon hiemalis e O. ranki sejam fenotipicamente indistinguĂveis, existem diferenças quantitativas em algumas caracterĂsticas dos cantos. VĂĄrias espĂ©cies de Ololygon possuem vocalizaçÔes complexas que consistem de, pelo menos, dois tipos de notas que podem ser emitidos em diferentes combinaçÔes. Apesar da complexidade de emissĂ”es acĂșsticas, o canto Tipo A de vĂĄrias espĂ©cies parece ser filogeneticamente conservado. Visto que cantos de algumas espĂ©cies sĂŁo apenas brevemente descritas, nĂłs enfatizamos a necessidade de, e importĂąncia de, caracterizaçÔes compreensivas das vocalizaçÔes de anuros para suportar comparaçÔes acĂșsticas futurasThe vocalizations of Ololygon hiemalis, O. ranki, and O. canastrensis are redescribed to provide further details on their complex vocal repertoires. The acoustic diagnosis of O. hiemalis is updated in relation to congeners, especially with respect to the morphologically similar O. ranki, for which we also evaluate the morphological diagnosis of both species. Three distinct types of notes are recognized in the vocalization of the three species (short squawk-like, long squawk-like and click-like), which are emitted in distinct acoustic organizations. The main organization of the three species is herein referred as the call Type âAâ, each of which has a multi-note structure composed of a series of short squawk-like notes with note-by-note increase in amplitude along call duration. The call Type A of O. hiemalis was not described in the species original description. That of topotypes of O. ranki structurally resembles the call described in the original species description. Likewise, The call Type A of O. canastrensis matches that described in the original species description. Although O. hiemalis and O. ranki are phenotypically indistinguishable, there are quantitative differences in some call traits. Many species of Ololygon have complex vocalizations consisting of, at least, two types of notes, which can be emitted in different combinations. Despite the complexity of acoustic emissions, the call Type A of many species seems to be phylogenetically conserved. Because calls sometimes are only briefly described, we emphasize the need for, and importance of, comprehensive characterizations of anuran vocalizations to support future acoustic comparison
VOCAL REPERTORY OF TWO SPECIES OF THE LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS GROUP (ANURA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE)
Among frogs, vocalizations play important roles in their social interactions. Herein we describefi ve new types of vocalizations for two foam-nesting species of the Leptodactylus pentadactylusgroup, L. syphax and L. labyrinthicus. Behavioral observations and recordings were done in fourlocalities within the Cerrado biome, at southeast and central Brazil. Before emitting advertisementcalls, males of L. syphax often started producing a sequence of notes, which gradually turned into theadvertisement call. These different notes may be an introductory call, which would serve to preparethe vocal structures for the emission of the high-frequency/amplitude advertisement calls. A male ofL. syphax was emitting advertisement calls when a female approached and started to emit brief andlow-amplitude calls; these vocalizations probably are reciprocation calls. Males of L. labyrinthicusinvolved in agonistic interactions can emit vocal cracks (encounter call) and deep rough sounds (territorialcalls). Five courting males of L. labyrinthicus released screams with their mouth slightly openedin response to the approach of human observers. We conclude that these screams do not representdistress or territorial calls
First record of scinax centralis (Anura, hylidae) in the triĂąngulo mineiro region, state of minas gerais, southeastern brazil, with further data on its vocalization
Scinax comprises more than 120 species which are split in two clades, the S. ruber and the S. catharinae clades. A few species within the S. catharinae clade occur in gallery forests of the Brazilian Cerrado. We here extend the distribution of S. centralis southwards based on new populations sampled in the banks of the Rio ParanaĂba, in the borders of Minas Gerais (MG) and GoiĂĄs (GO) states, southeastern Brazil. We also provide further data on the species vocalization. Variation was seen among our population and topotypes regarding SVL and call dominant frequency, both likely representing a clinal variation. Our new population of S. centralis represents the first record of the species for the state of Minas Gerais
Redescoberta de Dendropsophus tintinnabulum (Anura:âHylidae) na bacia do Alto Rio Negro (Amazonas, Brasil) com a descrição do canto de anĂșncio e da morfologia externa
Dendropsophus tintinnabulum is one of six species of the genus unassigned to any group. Voucher specimens and recordings of this taxon obtained during field work in the municipality of SĂŁo Gabriel da Cachoeira and elsewhere in the district of CucuĂ in Amazonas state, Brazil, permit a description of the advertisement call and external morphological features. Based on overall similarities in size, dorsal color, body shape, advertisement call, and preliminary genomic results, D. tintinnabulum is tentatively assigned to the D. microcephalus GroupDendropsophus tintinnabulum Ă© uma das seis espĂ©cies de Dendropsophus que ainda nĂŁo foi atribuĂda a nenhum dos grupos de espĂ©cies atualmente aceitos. EspĂ©cimes-testemunhos e gravaçÔes desse tĂĄxon obtidos durante trabalho de campo no municĂpio de SĂŁo Gabriel da Cachoeira e no distrito de CucuĂ, estado do Amazonas, Brasil, permitem a descrição do canto de anĂșncio e de caracteres da morfologia externa. A partir de todas as similaridades em relação ao tamanho corporal, padrĂŁo de coloração, formato do corpo, canto e dados genĂŽmicos preliminares, alocamos tentativamente D. tintinnabulum no grupo de D. microcephalu
Reassessment of the advertisement call of topotypic Scinax squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae), with an acoustic evaluation of its occurrence in the Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil
Reavaliação do canto de anĂșncio de Scinax squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae) topotĂpica, com uma avaliação acĂșstica de sua ocorrĂȘncia na Serra da Mantiqueira, sudeste do Brasil. Scinax squalirostris (Lutz, 1925) Ă© tida como de ampla ocorrĂȘncia na AmĂ©rica do Sul. Os valores relatados para cantos de topĂłtipos diferem substancialmente entre estudos. Como as vocalizaçÔes geralmente desempenham um papel fundamental na descoberta da diversidade crĂptica, o canto de topĂłtipos de S. squalirostris Ă© aqui redescrito com base em uma nova amostra. O canto de uma população de Poços de Caldas, estado de Minas Gerais, tambĂ©m Ă© descrito. Os cantos topotĂpicos tĂȘm frequĂȘncia dominante entre 3970 e 4125 Hz; 13â15 notas emitidas a uma taxa de 24â27/s; taxa de canto de 67/min e duração de 0,52â0,61 s; notas do meio do canto possuindo 6 ou 7 pulsos bem definidos, e uma taxa de pulsos intra-nota de 223 a 266/s. Os cantos da população de Poços de Caldas tĂȘm frequĂȘncia dominante entre 4083 e 4358 Hz; 15 a 18 notas emitidas a uma taxa de 32 a 34/s; taxa de canto de 64/min e duração de 0,46â0,56 s; notas do meio do canto possuindo 6 ou 8 pulsos bem definidos, e uma taxa de pulsos intra-nota de 252â312/s. Os cantos de anĂșncio dessas populaçÔes tem algumas diferenças entre si, e sĂŁo prontamente distinguidos dos cantos de espĂ©cies morfologicamente semelhantes. Nossos dados para topĂłtipos sĂŁo inconsistentes com alguns relatados anteriormente. Ă necessĂĄrio um estudo mais detalhado da população de Poços de Caldas, e diferenças mais acentuadas devem ser encontradas em populaçÔes mais distantes da localidade-tipo de S. squalirostris.Reassessment of the advertisement call of topotypic Scinax squalirostris (Anura: Hylidae), with an acoustic evaluation of its occurrence in the Serra da Mantiqueira, southeastern Brazil. Scinax squalirostris (Lutz, 1925) is thought to occur along a broad range in South America. The values reported for calls of topotypes differ substantially among studies. Because vocalizations often play a key role in uncovering cryptic diversity, the call of S. squalirostris is herein redescribed based on a new sample of topotypes. The call of a population from Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais state, is also described. Topotypic advertisement calls have a dominant frequency between 3970 and 4125 Hz; 13â15 notes emitted at a rate of 24â27/s; call rate of 67/min and duration of 0.52â0.61 s; mid-call notes having 6 or 7 well-defined pulses, and an intra-note pulse rate of 223â266/s. Calls of the Poços de Caldas population have dominant frequency between 4083 and 4358 Hz; 15â18 notes emitted at a rate of 32â34/s; call rate of 64/min and duration of 0.46â0.56 s; mid-call notes having 6 or 8 well-defined pulses, and an intra-note pulse rate of 252â312/s. The advertisement calls of these populations have some differences with each other, and are promptly distinguished from calls of morphologically similar species. Our data to topotypes are inconsistent with some previously reported. A more detailed study of the population from Poços de Caldas is required, and more marked differences may be found in populations more distant from type locality of S. squalirostris
The advertisement call of two species of the Rhinella granulosa group (Anura: Bufonidae)
O canto de anĂșncio de duas espĂ©cies do grupo de Rhinella granulosa (Anura: Bufonidae). O grupo de Rhinella granulosa atualmente abriga 14 espĂ©cies distribuĂdas nas AmĂ©ricas Central e do Sul, sendo conhecido o canto de anĂșncio de 12 delas. Descrevemos novos dados acĂșsticos de R. granulosa e R. merianae oriundos de populaçÔes distantes daquelas com dados conhecidos e discutimos possĂveis causas das diferenças encontradas. As gravaçÔes de R. granulosa sĂŁo do interior do estado da Bahia e as de R. merianae, do estado de Roraima. Para ambas as espĂ©cies, o canto consiste em um trinado de longa duração de notas com quatro pulsos. O canto de R. granulosa tem duração de 3,7â9,6 s e 121â283 notas, tendo cada nota a duração de 19â25 ms, emitidas a uma taxa de 29,2â34,7/s, com seus picos de frequĂȘncia dominante entre 2472 e 2809 Hz. O canto de R. merianae dura de 4,0â7,1 s, possui 153â217 notas, tendo cada nota a duração de 17â20 ms, emitidas a uma taxa de 37,7â39,5/s; os picos de frequĂȘncia dominante das notas estĂŁo entre 2959 e 3189 Hz. Ambas as espĂ©cies podem ser diferenciadas da maioria das outras espĂ©cies do grupo pela combinação de nĂșmero de pulsos e frequĂȘncia dominante. Os dados de R. granulosa apresentados aqui diferiram (p < 0,05) na duração do canto e/ou frequĂȘncia dominante dos dados conhecidos de espĂ©cimes de Natal (estado do Rio Grande do Norte) e Cabaceiras (estado da ParaĂba). Nossos dados de R. merianae parecem diferir em frequĂȘncia dominante dos dados de um Ășnico macho reportado da margem do Rio Amazonas. As diferenças acĂșsticas encontradas encorajam futuras investigaçÔes taxonĂŽmicas que utilizem uma abordagem integrativa para ambas as espĂ©cies.The advertisement call of two species of the Rhinella granulosa group (Anura: Bufonidae). The group of Rhinella granulosa presently harbors 14 species distributed in Central and South America. The advertisement calls of 12 species have been described. Herein, we provide data on the calls of R. granulosa and R. merianae recorded in populations far from locations of previous call descriptions, and we discuss possible causes of differences found. We used recordings of R. granulosa from the interior of Bahia State and recordings of R. merianae from Roraima. For both, calls consist of a long-lasting trill of four-pulsed notes. Rhinella granulosa calls last 3.7â9.6 s, have 121â283 notes, each lasting 19â25 ms released at a rate of 29.2â34.7/s, and with dominant frequency peaking between 2472â2809 Hz. Rhinella merianae calls last 4.0â7.1, have 153â217 notes, each lasting 17â20 ms, released at a rate of 37.7â39.5/s, and with dominant frequency peaking between 2959â3189 Hz. Both species are distinguished from most other species of the R. granulosa species group by the combination of pulse number and dominant frequency. Our data on R. granulosa differed (p < 0.05) in call duration and/or in dominant frequency from specimens from Natal (Rio Grande do Norte state) and Cabaceiras (ParaĂba state). Our data on R. merianae appear to differ in dominant frequency from the only call (a single male) known from the Amazon River bank. The differences we found between our data and published call data suggest that further study of calls of additional populations of these species is warranted
The complex vocalization of Scinax cardosoi (Anura:âHylidae), with comments on advertisement calls in the S. ruber Clade
A vocalização complexa de Scinax cardosoi (Anura: Hylidae), com comentĂĄrios sobre cantos de anĂșncio no Clado de S. ruber. A vocalização complexa de Scinax cardosoi de uma população do estado de Minas Gerais no sudeste brasileiro Ă© descrita e comparada com os dados acĂșsticos disponĂveis para outras espĂ©cies do Clado de S. ruber. TrĂȘs tipos diferentes de cantos pulsados e agudos foram identificados, denominados cantos âcurto,â âlongoâ e âtrinadoâ. Cantos curtos (16â66 ms) lembram chios e consistem em sinais pulsados (8â28 pulsos/canto) com modulaçÔes de amplitude regulares ao longo de sua duração e pico de amplitude aproximadamente na metade de sua duração. Cantos longos (268â518 ms) lembram risadinhas e tĂȘm menor amplitude quando comparados a cantos curtos; tipicamente, consistem em sĂ©ries de notas pulsadas (1â6 notas/canto). Cantos trinados lembram zunidos de insetos e apresentam a menor amplitude dentre os trĂȘs tipos de cantos; consistem em sĂ©ries muito longas (1,1â3,0 s) de notas pulsadas (9â25 notas/canto). Dados acĂșsticos sĂŁo taxonomicamente informativos no Clado de S. ruber, fornecendo evidĂȘncias fenotĂpicas Ă diagnose de S. cardosoi alĂ©m das caracterĂsticas propostas em sua descrição original. O repertĂłrio vocal de S. cardosoi assemelha-se mais aos repertĂłrios vocais complexos (vĂĄrios tipos de cantos emitidos em combinaçÔes variadas) de espĂ©cies do Clado de S. catharinae do que ao de algumas espĂ©cies do Clado de S. ruber, os quais tendem a ter uma estrutura do canto mais simples (um tipo Ășnico de nota multipulsionada).The complex vocalization of Scinax cardosoi (Anura: Hylidae), with comments on advertisement calls in the S. ruber Clade. The complex vocalization of Scinax cardosoi from a population of Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil is described and compared with available acoustic data for the other species of the S. ruber Clade. Three distinct types of high-pitched, pulsed calls were identified, and are referred to as âshort,â âlong,â and âtrilledâ calls. Short calls (16â66 ms) resemble squeaks, and consist of a pulsed signal (8â28 pulses/call) with regular amplitude modulations throughout their duration; the amplitude peak occurs at about the midpoint of the call duration. Long calls (268â518 ms) resemble giggles, and have lower amplitude than short calls; typically, they consist of pulsed note series (1â6 notes/call). Trilled calls resemble insect chirps and have the lowest amplitude of the three call types; they consist of long (1.1â3.0 s) pulsed note series (9â25 notes/call). Acoustic data are taxonomically informative in the Scinax ruber Clade and provide phenotypic characters diagnosing S. cardosoi in addition to those features proposed in its original description. The vocalization repertoire of S. cardosoi resembles the complex vocal repertoires (i.e., multiple call types emitted in variable combinations) of members of the S. catharinae Clade more than some species of the S. ruber Clade, which tend to have simpler call structures (i.e., a single type of multipulsed note)
Acoustics suggests hidden diversity in Scinax garbei (Anura: Hylidae)
Acoustics suggests hidden diversity in Scinax garbei (Anura: Hylidae). Scinax garbei is a treefrog species thought to be widely distributed across forest habitats of the Amazon Basin, occurring in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. However, the morphological, acoustic and molecular characters of this species vary across its distribution. In view of this variation, the present study re-analyzes published advertisement calls and analyses new call data of nine populations of S. garbei from five countries, aiming to assess acoustic divergence. In addition, the territorial call of the species is described for the first time. Based on multivariate analyses of advertisement call data, there are three groups of populations with distinct calls, referred to herein as S. garbei Brazil, Northwestern, and Southwestern. Scinax garbei Northwestern is distinguished from S. garbei Southwestern by temporal call traits, whereas S. garbei Brazil differs from the other two groups based on both temporal and spectral traits. These results indicate that S. garbei may represent a complex of up to three species, thereby highlighting the need for a thorough taxonomic revision of this species.AcĂșstica sugere diversidade oculta em Scinax garbei (Anura: Hylidae). Scinax garbei Ă© uma espĂ©cie de anuro arborĂcola tida como amplamente distribuĂda pelos habitats florestais da Bacia AmazĂŽnica, ocorrendo na Venezuela, ColĂŽmbia, Equador, Peru, BolĂvia e Brasil. No entanto, os caracteres morfolĂłgicos, acĂșsticos e moleculares dessa espĂ©cie variam ao longo da sua distribuição. Diante dessa variação, o presente estudo reanalisa cantos de anĂșncio publicados e novos dados de cantos de nove populaçÔes de S. garbei de cinco paĂses, para avaliar a divergĂȘncia acĂșstica. AlĂ©m disso, o canto territorial da espĂ©cie Ă© descrito pela primeira vez. Com base em anĂĄlises multivariadas de dados de cantos de anĂșncio, existem trĂȘs grupos de populaçÔes com cantos distintos, referidas aqui como S. garbei Brasil, Noroeste e Sudoeste. Scinax garbei Noroeste se distingue de S. garbei Sudoeste com base em traços temporais do canto, enquanto que S. garbei Brasil se distingue dos outros dois grupos com base em ambos traços temporais e espectrais do canto. Esses resultados indicam que S. garbei pode representar um complexo de atĂ© trĂȘs espĂ©cies, destacando, portanto, a necessidade de uma minuciosa revisĂŁo taxonĂŽmica dessa espĂ©cie
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