Leakage Detection In Pipeline Using Wavelength

Nowadays natural gas transport and distribution is a complex and currently growing and increasing. Natural gas produced from well need to transport in a great distance before reaching it point of use. The pipeline is designed to quickly and efficiently transport the gas from its origin to the high demand area. Either pipelines transportation for water supply or natural gas, leakage is unacceptable problem. Small leak along the pipeline is hard to detect. The objective of this study is to build the test rig galvanized iron and MDPE pipelines. Besides that, the main objective is to determine the leak detection in gas pipeline using wavelet-based filtering. . Main point of each journal is compared in order to determine the problems arise from the previous research. It is then follow by the methodology which will discuss further in this chapter. From methodology, it is known that the data taken can be analysing through Daisy Lab and Math lab software  Wavelet and cross correlation is used to analyse the signal in Matlab. From the result, it show that the leak can be identified based on the peak of amplitude of the signal. The result for galvanized iron pipe is not acceptable due to short pipeline length. Thus it can be concluded that leak can be determined using wavelet-based filtering. As the conclusions, the propose technique can be used to determine the leak in pipeline

Non-Intrusive Electrodynamic Characteristic Measurement for Circular Shape Electrode

Abstract—The electrostatic sensor was used in process industry because of low cost and robust designed.Three types of electrode available in particular application such as pin shape, quarter ring shape and ring shape. The paper was focused on the investigation of the pin shape structure and the characteristic of the circular shape by using different size of structure. Non-instrusive method with circular electrode will be designed and applied to the shape.The sensitivity and spatial filtering effect of sensor will be investigated by using different size of electrodes.Then, the model will be proposed and compared with experimental result

Comparative study of instantaneous frequency based methods for leak detection in pipeline networks

Methods of pressure transient analysis can be seen as a promising, accurate and low-cost tool for leak and feature detection in pipelines. Various systems have been developed by several groups of researchers in recent years. Such techniques have been successfully demonstrated under laboratory conditions but are not yet established for use with real field test data. The current paper presents a comparative study of instantaneous frequency analysis techniques based on pressure transients recorded within a live distribution network. The instantaneous frequency of the signals are analysed using the Hilbert transform (HT), the Normalised Hilbert transform (NHT), Direct Quadrature (DQ), Teager Energy Operator (TEO) and Cepstrum. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the instantaneous frequency analysis in detecting a leaks and other features within the network. NHT and DQ allowed for the identification of the approximate location of leaks. The performance TEO is moderate, with Cepstrum being the worst performing method. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Improvement of Cepstrum Analysis for the Purpose to Detect Leak, Feature and Its Location in Water Distribution System based on Pressure Transient Analysis / Hanafi.M.Yusop ...[et al.]

Nowadays, pipeline system is one of the powerful technologies to be implemented in the real world. It is very essential for transporting fluid especially water from one point to the next point. But the pipeline system will also defect as leaks due to many reasons. Pressure Transient signal is a newly developed method to detect and localize leak phenomena since the signal has information about that phenomenon .The basic principal is the fact of water spouting out of a leak in pressurized pipe that generates a signal, and the signal may contain information to whether a leak exists and where it is located. To extract this signal, many signal analysis methods were implemented by researchers such as cross-correlation, genetic algorithm, and wavelets transform. Cepstrum analysis is proposed as a method to extract leak and pipe feature information from pressure transient signal by considering this method to analyse non-stationary data. Since in the real test, the originality and pure data are hard to be captured due to noise generated from environment and the noise level ratio is very low, pre-processing method as a filtering technique is implemented to analyse the real signal before the signal goes through cepstrum analysis as post-processing method. This research focused on the improvement of cepstrum analysis in order to extract information about the leak, pipe feature, and its location. In this research, cepstrum analysis was proposed as Post-Processing method. Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were proposed as Pre-Processing Methods. The pressure Transient signal was analysed using Matlab software. The results satisfactorily predicted the leak location as the comparison analysis using theoretical calculation and experimental results were just 0.4% to 3.8%. Therefore, PCA and DWT were recommended as data pre-processing methods to improve cepstrum analysis result

Effect of streamwise spacing on the sound generated by flow through two square cylinders in tandem arrangement

The sound generated by the flow past two square cylinder in tandem arrangements was investigated by direct solution of two dimensiona1, unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equation. The main objective of the investigation is to study the effect of the spacing between two square cylinders on the generation and propagation mechanism of the sound. Since the sound pressure is very small compared to normal pressure and other parameters, high order computational scheme was use to captured the pressure fluctuations. Besides that, filtering is em-ployed to eliminate the high frequency part caused by nonlinearity of the governing equations. 4th order Runge-Kutta method was employed for time marching and for the boundary condition, adiabatic and non-slip conditions are imposed on the surface of the square cylinders. Present results for near-field flow features are in good agreement with the experimental results by previous researchers though the Reynolds number ranges examined are different. From the results, it shows that tandem arrangement of two cylinders with a small spacing may be useful for a passive control to reduce the generated sound since the larger spacing (L/D > 4), the shear layer separated from the upstream cylinder rolls up and forms vortices in front of the downstream cylinder. The results also showed that body-vortex interaction enhances the amplitude of the generated sound significantly

Biofertilizer And Bioenhancer Concepts For Sustainable Oil Palm Seedling Production.

In oil palm production, nitrogen fertilizer is the most expensive nutrient input required

Influence of Supervision Factor on Role Difficulties Among Counsellor Trainees in UNIMAS

Counsellor trainees have to play many roles simultaneously during supervision. Although all the roles and expected behaviour are well-defined, counsellor trainees find it hard to acquire and learn all the roles since all the expectations from the roles come at the same time, causing role difficulties. Role difficulties refer to role conflict and role ambiguity. Presence of role difficulties highly associated with to work-related anxiety, dissatisfaction with clinical work and supervision as well, shown by previous studies. This is a correlational research with quantitative nature. 85 counsellor trainees who under practicum supervision from UNIMAS will be recruited as respondents, by using stratified random sampling. The data collected will be analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression. There are four (4) research instruments being used. Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Inventory (RCRAI) is used to measure role difficulties, Counselling Self-estimate Inventory (COSE) is used to measure the level of self-efficacy, Trainee Anxiety Scale (TAS) is used to measure the level of anxiety and Supervisory Working Alliance Inventory – Trainee (SWAI – T) is used to measure the level of working alliance during supervision. The finding of the research showed that there is no significant relationship between supervision factors and role difficulties. There is also no significant influence of supervision factors on role difficulties. Moreover, anxiety showed r(88) = 0.46, p < 0.05, weak positive relationship with role difficulties and statistically significant F(1,86) = 22.40, p < .05, and accounted for approximately 21% of the variance of role difficulties. Selfefficacy showed r(88) = -0.43, p < 0.05 weak negative relationship with role difficulties and statistically significant F(1,86) = 19.92, p < .05, accounted for approximately 19% of the variance of role difficulties. Working alliance showed r(88) = -0.26, p < 0.05 weak negative relationship with role difficulties and statistically significant F(1,86) = 7.80, p < .05, accounted for approximately 8.0% of the variance of role difficulties. The implications of the research were able to expand and further support the Role Theory and Social Cognitive Model of Counselor Training (SCMCT) in which the findings explained the role problems in supervision context and further supported selfefficacy as the main determinant in effective counselling process. The research also provided practical implication in which the supervisor could be more aware of cognitive and emotional development of counselor trainees. Future researchers are recommended to (1) Recruit supervisors as respondents; (2)Include more supervision factors; (3)Choose suitable instruments and (4)Consider qualitative research

A Study on Hand Grip Force for Push Activity at Aerospace Industry

Grip strength is the force applied by the hand to push objects and is a specific part of hand strength. It is generally considered that all aspects of the hand must be exercised to produce a healthy and strong grip. The purpose of this study is to analyze the hand grip force that causes discomfort for push activity among the workers in the aerospace industry while workers performing their task. Data were collected by using observation, interview, questionnaires, and Tekscan grip system tools were used to evaluate hand grip pressure force of the workers. Findings show that the individual factors such as age and body size have affected the hand pressure grip force. Besides, the study shows that the hand grip pressure forces when pushing the mold with the right hand are higher than left hand. At the end of this study, the authors concluded that high grip forces will lead to a risk factor for the development of MSDs

Study of Z → llγ decays at √s = 8 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper presents a study of Z → llγ decays with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis uses a proton–proton data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb−1 collected at a centre-ofmass energy √s = 8 TeV. Integrated fiducial cross-sections together with normalised differential fiducial cross-sections, sensitive to the kinematics of final-state QED radiation, are obtained. The results are found to be in agreement with stateof-the-art predictions for final-state QED radiation. First measurements of Z → llγ γ decays are also reported