New study on interactional effects of grouting pressure on the displacement of nailing bond

The maximum displacement in a soil nail bond system considering the pull-out, overburden load and grouting pressure effects has been evaluated. The Pull-out tests were carried out in five sites that located in Tehran, Iran. Moreover, additional pull-out test data from South Korea is considered. The displacement of the nailing system due to gravity and pressure grouting has been measured. Based on achieved data, four practical relationships between bound strength and pull-out displacements are developed. The parameters overburden load, grouting pressure, borehole diameter, moisture content and soil’s strength parameters have been chosen as the major inputs for the relationships. The correlation coefficients of the linear relationship range have been achieved between 0.89 and 0.99. While by using the multi-layer neural network for estimating it has been illustrated approximately 0.95

Epidemiology of familial multiple sclerosis in Iran: a national registry-based study

Background Admittedly, little is known about the epidemiological signatures of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) in different geographical regions of Iran. Objective To determine the epidemiology and the risk of FMS incidence in several provinces of Iran with a different ethnic population including, Fars, Tehran, Isfahan (Persians), and Mazandaran (Mazanis), Kermanshah (Kurds), and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Lors). Methods This cross-sectional registry-based study was performed on nationwide MS registry of Iran (NMSRI) data collected from 2018 to 2021. This system, registers baseline characteristics, clinical presentations and symptoms, diagnostic and treatments at regional and national levels. Results A total of 9200 patients including, 7003 (76.1%) female and 2197 (23.9%) male, were participated. About 19% of patients reported a family history of MS; the order from highest to lowest FMS prevalence was as follows: Fars (26.5%), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (21.1%), Tehran (20.5%), Isfahan (20.3%), Mazandaran (18.0%), and Kermanshah (12.5%). Of all FMS cases, 74.7% (1308 cases) were female and 25.3% (442 cases) were male. FMS occurrence was much more common in females than males (P-value = 0.001). Further, the mean age at onset was 30 years among FMS cases. A substantially higher probability of relapsing-remitting MS and secondary-progressive MS was found among FMS cases than sporadic MS (SMS) (P_value = 0.001). There was no significant difference in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores between FMS and SMS. The majority of FMS cases were observed among first-degree relatives, with the highest rate in siblings. There was a significant association between MS risk and positive familial history in both maternal and paternal aunt/uncle (P_value = 0.043 and P_value = 0.019, respectively). Multiple sclerosis occurrence among offspring of females was higher than males (P_value = 0.027). Conclusions In summary, our findings imply a noteworthy upward trend of FMS in Iran, even more than the global prevalence, which suggests a unique Atlas of FMS prevalence in this multi-ethnic population. Despite the highest rate of FMS within Persian and Lor ethnicities, no statistically significant difference was observed among the provinces

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Human Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase Encapsulated in Positively Charged Liposomes: Superoxide dismutase encapsulated in liposomes

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant that protects many types of cells from the free radical damage. One of the possible ways for the use of SOD is its incorporation in liposomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cationic phospholipids on the entrapment of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) in liposomes. Also, in the present study, we examined theeffect of this formulation on the permeability of these liposomes for SOD at two different temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C). Cu/Zn SOD was purified from human erythrocytes. Several methods, including, precipitation by acetone, chloroform, centrifugation and also ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-32 were applied. In this study, encapsulated SOD in liposomes was prepared using the film hydrationmethod. The results obtained from the prepared human erythrocyte SOD showed that at the end of the last stage, the purification was 21 times the result of the first stage, with a specific activity of 3000 U/mg. The enzyme activity and the retained enzymatic activity in liposome solution were 74±0.2 U/mg and 45%, respectively. Incubation of SOD-liposomes at 4 °C and 37 °C for 8 hours, caused the enzymeactivity to decrease to 66±0.2 U/mg and 31±0.2 U/mg, respectively. The present study showed that preparation of the liposomes with cationic phospholipids was an important role in the increase of the entrapped enzyme

Feasibility of satellite imagery for poplar plantation mapping (Case study: Sowme`eh Sara)

To investigate the capability of satellite imagery to map poplar plantations, IRS-P6-LISSIII and IRS-P6-LISSIV scenes from 2007 as well as Landsat TM scenes from 2009 and 2011 were analyzed over Sowme`eh Sara region in Guilan province. The IRS-P6-LISSIII and IRS-P6-LISSIV scenes were geometrically corrected with root mean square error (RMSE) of ca. 11m and 60cm, respectively. Informative auxiliary bands ratios were calculated. In addition, the scenes were spatially enhanced by resolution merge of panchromatic and multispectral bands. Principal component analysis (PCA) and inverse PCA were also conducted for the spatially-fused data. Ground reference data was samples via field survey and included two classes of “maximum 5-year medium density canopy” and “dense canopy >5-years of age” poplar plantations. The ssatellite images were classified by crisp (supervised) and soft (fuzzy) classifiers using three different strategies of 1) classification into three classes including poplar plantation with “maximum 5-year medium density canopy”, “dense canopy >5-years of age” and others, 2) classification into eight classes including the two above-mentioned classes, rice, alder, conifer, sea, urban area and others, in which all non-poplar classes were aggregated into one class after the classification, and 3) independent classification of three sub-regions on the images. Results of accuracy assessment for the first and second strategy showed very low overall accuracy and kappa coefficient, whereas the third strategy showed a higher performance. This way, the highest rates of overall accuracy and kappa coefficient of the TM scene 2009 in the first sub-region were reported to be %80 and 0.58, respectively