Különböző takarmányadagok hatása a kősüllő (Sander volgensis Gmelin 1788) növekedésére és testösszetételére intenzív nevelés mellett | The effect of different daily rations on the growth and total body composition of Volga pikeperch (Sander volgensis Gmelin 1788) under intensive culture conditions

A hathetes kísérletben 84 kősüllőt telepítettünk recirkulációs rendszerben üzemelő akváriumokba. A vizsgálat során egy 11,5% nyerszsír-, és 45% nyersfehérje-tartalmú haltáppal naponta egy alkalommal etettünk három különböző napi mennyiségben, a halbiomassza 1%, 2% és 3%-ában. A kísérlet végén csoportonként három egyedet laboratóriumba küldtünk a testösszetételük meghatározására. A takarmányértékesítés 0,85−0,90 g/g között alakult. A takarmányadagoknak a termelési paraméterek közül jelentős hatása volt a növekedési sebesség és a takarmánypazarlás értékeire. A teljestest összetételére azonban a különböző takarmányozási szintnek nem volt statisztikailag igazolható hatása (P=0,05). Megállapítottuk, hogy a kősüllő esetében, egynyaras korban a halbiomassza 1,5−2% körüli napi takarmányadaggal érhető el a legjobb növekedés. (Kulcsszavak: kősüllő, intenzív nevelés, eltérő takarmányadagok, növekedés, testösszetétel) In the 6-week-long experiment 84 Volga pikeperch were introduced into the aquarium system working in a recirculation system. During the experiment the fish were fed a commercial pelleted fish feed once a day. The crude fat content of the feed was 11.5% and the crude protein content was 45%. During the experiment the feed was given to the fish in different amounts: the daily rations were 1%, 2% and 3% of the fish biomass. At the end of the experiment, samples of whole body of three fish by treatment were sent to the laboratory to determine th proximate chemical body composition. Feed conversion ratio showed values of 0.85−0.90 g/g. The amount of daily rations had a significant effect on the specific growth rate (S.G.R.) and on the amount of waste feed (P<0.05), but no significant effect on the body composition. According to the results of this experiment the most suitable daily ration for the one-year old Volga pikeperch should be settled around 1.5−2% of fish biomass. (Keywords: Volga pikeperch, feed ration, growth, body composition

Orexinergic Input to Dopaminergic Neurons of the Human Ventral Tegmental Area

The mesolimbic reward pathway arising from dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been strongly implicated in reward processing and drug abuse. In rodents, behaviors associated with this projection are profoundly influenced by an orexinergic input from the lateral hypothalamus to the VTA. Because the existence and significance of an analogous orexigenic regulatory mechanism acting in the human VTA have been elusive, here we addressed the possibility that orexinergic neurons provide direct input to DA neurons of the human VTA. Dual-label immunohistochemistry was used and orexinergic projections to the VTA and to DA neurons of the neighboring substantia nigra (SN) were analyzed comparatively in adult male humans and rats. Orexin B-immunoreactive (IR) axons apposed to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-IR DA and to non-DA neurons were scarce in the VTA and SN of both species. In the VTA, 15.062.8% of TH-IR perikarya in humans and 3.260.3% in rats received orexin B-IR afferent contacts. On average, 0.2460.05 and 0.0560.005 orexinergic appositions per TH-IR perikaryon were detected in humans and rats, respectively. The majority(86–88%) of randomly encountered orexinergic contacts targeted the dendritic compartment of DA neurons. Finally, DA neurons of the SN also received orexinergic innervation in both species. Based on the observation of five times heavierorexinergic input to TH-IR neurons of the human, compared with the rat, VTA, we propose that orexinergic mechanism acting in the VTA may play just as important roles in reward processing and drug abuse in humans, as already established well in rodents

European green lizard (Lacerta viridis) personalities: Linking behavioural types to ecologically relevant traits at different ontogenetic stages

© 2014 Elsevier B.V. Consistent individual differences within (animal personality) and across (behavioural syndrome) behaviours became well recognized during the past decade. Nevertheless, our knowledge about the evolutionary and developmental mechanisms behind the phenomena is still incomplete. Here, we explored if risk-taking and exploration were consistent and linked to different ecologically relevant traits in wild-caught adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis) and in their 2-3 weeks old laboratory-reared offspring. Both adults and juveniles displayed animal personality, consistency being higher in juveniles. We found correlation between risk-taking and exploration (suggestive of a behavioural syndrome) only in adults. Juveniles were more explorative than adults. Large or ectoparasite-free adult males were more explorative than small or parasitized males. Juvenile females tended to be more risk-taking than males. Behaviour of fathers and their offspring did not correlate. We conclude that European green lizards show high behavioural consistency and age is an important determinant of its strength and links to traits likely affecting fitness.Peer Reviewe

Environment-dependence of behavioural consistency in adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis)

Understanding the background mechanisms affecting the emergence and maintenance of consistent between-individual variation within population in single (animal personality) or across multiple (behavioural syndrome) behaviours has key importance. State-dependence theory suggests that behaviour is `anchored' to individual state (e.g. body condition, gender, age) and behavioural consistency emerges through behavioural-state feedbacks. A number of relevant state variables are labile (e.g. body condition, physiological performance) and expected to be affected by short-term environmental change. Yet, whether short-term environmental shifts affect behavioural consistency during adulthood remains questionable. Here, by employing a full-factorial laboratory experiment, we explored if quantity of food (low vs. high) and time available for thermoregulation (3h vs. 10h per day) had an effect on activity and risk-taking of reproductive adult male European green lizards (Lacerta viridis). We focussed on different components of behavioural variation: (i) strength of behavioural consistency (repeatability for animal personality; between-individual correlation for behavioural syndrome), (ii) behavioural type (individual mean behaviour) and (iii) behavioural predictability (within-individual behavioural variation). Activity was repeatable in all treatments. Risktaking was repeatable only in the low basking treatments. We found significant betweenindividual correlation only in the low food × long basking time group. The treatments did not affect behavioural type, but affected behavioural predictability. Activity predictability was higher in the short basking treatment, where it also decreased with size ( age). Risk-taking predictability in the short basking treatment increased with size under food limitation, but decreased when food supply was high. We conclude that short-term environmental change can alter various components of behavioural consistency. The effect could be detected in the presence/absence patterns of animal personality and behavioural syndrome and the level of individual behavioural predictability, but not in behavioural typePeer reviewe

From genomes to diaries: a 3-year prospective, real-life study of ragweed-specific sublingual immunotherapy

During the last decades, the prevalence of allergy has dramatically increased. Allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only currently available medical intervention that has the potential to affect the natural course of the disease, but there are still many questions and unmet needs hindering its widespread use to fulfill its treatment potential and maximize its benefits for the society. To provide a comprehensive phenome-wide overview in sublingual immunotherapy, using ragweed allergy as a target, we planned and carried out a longitudinal, prospective, observational, open-label study (DesensIT). In this paper we present challenges of using deep and comprehensive phenotypes embracing biological, clinical and patient-reported outcomes in allergen-specific immunotherapy and show how we designed the DesensIT project to optimize data collection, processing and evaluation

Role of nucleotides and phosphoinositides in the stability of electron and proton currents associated with the phagocytic NADPH oxidase

The phagocytic NADPH oxidase (phox) moves electrons across cell membranes to kill microbes. The activity of this lethal enzyme is tightly regulated, but the mechanisms that control phox inactivation are poorly understood for lack of appropriate assays. The phox generates measurable electron currents, I(e), that are associated with inward proton currents, I(H). To study the inactivation of the phox and of its associated proton channel, we determined which soluble factors can stabilize I(e) (induced by the addition of NADPH) and I(H) (initiated by small depolarizing voltage steps) in inside-out patches from PMA-activated human eosinophils. I(e) decayed rapidly in the absence of nucleotides (τ≈6 min) and was maximally stabilized by the combined addition of 5 mM ATP and 50 μM of the non-hydrolysable GTP analogue GTP[S] (guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate) (τ≈57 min), but not by either ATP or GTP[S] alone. I(H) also decayed rapidly and was stabilized by the ATP/GTP[S] mixture, but maximal stabilization of I(H) required further addition of 25 μM PI(3,4)P(2) (phosphoinositide 3,4-bisphosphate) to the cytosolic side of the patch. PI(3,4)P(2) had no effect on I(e) and its stabilizing effect on I(H) could not be mimicked by other phosphoinositides. Reducing the ATP concentration below millimolar levels decreased I(H) stability, an effect that was not prevented by phosphatase inhibitors but by the non-hydrolysable ATP analogue ATP[S] (adenosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate). Our data indicate that the assembled phox complex is very stable in eosinophil membranes if both ATP and GTP[S] are present, but inactivates within minutes if one of the nucleotides is removed. Stabilization of the phox-associated proton channel in a highly voltage-sensitive conformation does not appear to involve phosphorylation but ATP binding, and requires not only ATP and GTP[S] but also PI(3,4)P(2), a protein known to anchor the cytosolic phox subunit p47(phox) to the plasma membrane

Top rediscovery at ATLAS and CMS

A measurement is presented for the energy flow of minimum bias events in the forward region (3.15 <|\eta |< 4.9, where \eta is the pseudorapidity) of the CMS detector at the LHC for center-of-mass energies sqrt(s) = 0.9 TeV, 2.36 TeV and 7 TeV. The measurement is compared to Monte Carlo simulations, which use a model of multiparton interactions for the underlying event. In addition, production of forward jets was studied for the very first pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 0.9 TeV at LHC.L