6th April 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, Italy:Reinforced concrete building performance

On 6th April 2009 an earthquake of magnitude M (w) = 6.3 occurred in the Abruzzo region; the epicentre was very close to the city of L'Aquila (about 6 km away). The event produced casualties and damage to buildings, lifelines and other infrastructures. An analysis of the main damage that reinforced concrete (RC) structures showed after the event is presented in this study. In order to isolate the main causes of structural and non-structural damage, the seismological characteristics of the event are examined, followed by an analysis of the existing RC building stock in the area. The latter issue came under scrutiny after the release of official data about structural types and times of construction, combined with a detailed review of the most important seismic codes in force in the last 100 years in Italy. Comparison of the current design provisions of the Italian and European codes with previous standards allows the main weaknesses of the existing building stock to be determined. Damage to structural and non-structural elements is finally analyzed thanks to photographic material collected in the first week after the event; the main causes of damage are then inferred

Horm Metab Res

A growing need exists to deliver effective and affordable prevention programs and to take urgent action to address the major public health challenge that diabetes represents. Achieving prevention of type 2 diabetes requires moving through a series of steps from basic science discovery to widespread distribution of effective interventions. Understanding the cellular level influences on diabetes prevention will help target particular interventions to those who may be most responsive. Several randomized controlled trials conducted throughout the world have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed. Subsequent real-world translation studies have provided important information necessary to reduce cost and increase access. Ultimately achieving a population impact in diabetes prevention requires widespread distribution of effective interventions, which is supported by policies that help achieve sustainability and reach. The use of a global stakeholder network can help to share experiences and build on partner knowledge gained.ARU3/Intramural CDC HHS/United States2015-09-01T00:00:00Z22161250PMC455623

2012 Emilia earthquake, Italy:reinforced concrete buildings response

Data of the Italian National Institute of Statistics are collected aimed at characterizing Reinforced Concrete (RC) building stock of the area struck by the 2012 Emilia earthquake (number of storeys, age of construction, structural typology). Damage observations, collected right after the event in reconnaissance reports, are shown and analyzed emphasizing typical weaknesses of RC buildings in the area. The evolution of seismic classification for Emilia region and RC buildings??? main characteristics represent the input data for the assessment of non-structural damage of infilled RC buildings, through a simplified approach (FAST method), based on EMS-98 damage scale. Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) capacities for the first three damage states of EMS-98 are compared with registered PGA in the epicentral area. Observed damage and damage states evaluated for the PGA of the event, in the epicentral area, are finally compared. The comparison led to a fair agreement between observed and numerical data

The structural role played by masonry infills on RC building performances after the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake

The final publication is available at Spriger via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-013-9500-1On May 11, 2011 an earthquake of magnitude 5.1 (Mw) struck Murcia region causing nine casualties and damage to buildings and infrastructures. Even if the main characteristics of the event would classify it as a moderate earthquake, the maximum Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) registered (equal to 0.37 g) exceeded significantly local code provisions in terms of hazard at the site. This high PGA was a result of directivity effects in the near source region. An overview of earthquake characteristics and damage observed is provided. Notwithstanding the lack of proper structural design characterizing building stock in the area, most of the losses were caused by non-structural damage. According to in field observations, it emerges that masonry infills provided additional, not designed , strength to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings. Observed damage data, collected after the earthquake, are shown and compared to the results of a simplified approach for nonstructural damage assessment of RC infilled structures (FAST vulnerability approach). The latter comparison provided a fair accordance between observed data and analytical results.The work presented has been developed in cooperation with Rete dei Laboratori Universitari di Ingegneria Sismica-ReLUIS-Linea 1.1.2. for the research program funded by the Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (2010-2013).De Luca, F.; Verderame, GM.; Gómez Martínez, F.; Pérez García, AJ. (2014). The structural role played by masonry infills on RC building performances after the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake. 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J Earthq Eng 11:493–511Benavent-Climent A, Akiyama H, Lopez-Almansa F, Pujades LG (2004) Prediction of ultimate earthquake resistance of gravity-load designed RC buildings. Eng Struct 26:1103–1113Benavent-Climent A, Cahìs X, Catalàn A (2008) Seismic behavior of interior connections in existing waffle-flat-plate structures. Eng Struct 30:2510–2516Biskinis DE, Roupakias GK, Fardis MN (2004) Degradation of shear strength of reinforced concrete members with inelastic cyclic displacement. ACI Struct J 101:773–783Borzi B, Elnashai A (2000) Refined force reduction factor for seismic design. Eng Struct 22:1244–1260Borzi B, Pinho R, Crowley H (2008) Simplified pushover-based vulnerability analysis for large scale assessment of RC buildings. Eng Struct 30(3):804–820Cabañas L, Carreño E, Izquierdo A, Martínez JM, Capote R, Martínez J, Benito B, Gaspar J, Rivas A, García J, Pérez R, Rodríguez MA, Murphy P (2011) Informe del sismo de Lorca del 11 de mayo de 2011. IGN, UCM, UPM, IGME, AEIS. http://www.ign.es/ign/resources/sismologia/Lorca.pdfCalconsa XXI (2011) Photographic report of the building “Menorca”, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas, 28–30-32, 30800 Lorca (Murcia), Spain. www.calconsa.comCEN (2004) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. European Standard EN 1998–1:2003- Comité Européen de Normaliation, BrusselsCEN (2005) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 3: assessment and retrofitting of buildings, European Standard EN 1998–1:2005- Comité Européen de Normaliation, BrusselsChioccarelli E, De Luca F, Iervolino I (2009) Preliminary study on L’Aquila earthquake ground motion records, V5.20. http://www.reluis.it/Chopra AK (2007) Dynamics of the structures, 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River New YerseyCS.LL.PP (2009) Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle norme tecniche delle costruzioni. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, 47. (in Italian)Colangelo F (2012) A simple model to include fuzziness in the seismic fragility curve and relevant effect compared with randomness. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 41:969–986Cornell CA, Krawinkler H (2000) Progress and challenges in seismic performance assessment. PEER News, AprilCrowley H, Pinho R (2010) Revisiting Eurocode 8 formulae for periods of vibration and their employment in linear seismic analysis. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 39(2):223–235De Luca F (2012) Records, capacity curve fits and reinforced concrete damage states within a performance based earthquake engineering framework. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Available at http://wpage.unina.it/flavia.deluca/outreach.htmDe Luca F, Verderame GM (2013) A practice-oriented approach for the assessment of brittle failures in existing RC elements. Eng Struct 48:373–388De Luca F, Vamvatsikos D, Iervolino I (2013) Near-optimal piecewise linear fits of static pushover capacity curves for equivalent SDOF analysis. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42(4):523–543Dolce M, Cardone D, Ponzo FC, Valente C (2005) Shaking table tests on reinforced concrete frames without and with passive control systems. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34:1687–1717Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2001) Soft storey effects in uniformly infilled reinforced concrete frames. J Earthq Eng 5(1):1–12Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2004) Inelastic spectra for infilled reinforced concrete frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 33:1395–1416Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2005) Simplified non-linear seismic analysis of infilled reinforced concrete frames. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 34:49–66Dolšek M, Fajfar P (2008) The effect of masonry infills on the seismic response of a four storey reinforced concrete frame-a probabilistic assessment. Eng Struct 30(11):3186–3192EHE (1999) Instrucción de hormigón estructural. Comisión permanente del hormigón estructural, Ministerio de Fomento, MadridEHE-08 (2008) Instrucción de hormigón estructural. Comisión permanente del hormigón estructural, Ministerio de Fomento, MadridEnomoto T, Schmitz M, Abeki N, Masaki K, Navarro M, Rocavado V, Sanchez A (2000) Seismic risk assessment using soil dynamics in Caracas, Venezuela. In: Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on earthquake engineering, Auckland, New ZelandErdik M, Durukal E, Siyahi B, Fahjan Y, Sesetyan K, Demircioglu M, Akman H (2004) Earthquake risk mitigation in Istanbul, Chap 7. In: Mulargia F, Geller RJ (eds) Earthquake science and seismic risk reduction. Kluwer, DordrechtFajfar P (1999) Capacity spectrum method based on inelastic demand spectra. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 28:979–993Fardis MN (1997) Experimental and numerical investigations on the seismic response of RC infilled frames and recommendations for code provisions. Report ECOEST-PREC8 No 6. Prenormative research in support of Eurocode 8Fardis MN (2009) Seismic design, assessment and retrofitting of concrete buildings based on EN-Eurocode 8. Springer, BerlinFEMA (1994) NEHRP recommended provisions for seismic regulations for new buildings. FEMA 273, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DCFeriche M, Vidal F, Alguacil G, Navarro M, Aranda C, Vulnerabilidad y daño en el terremoto de Lorca de 2011 (2012) $$7^{\rm a}$$ 7 a Asamblea hispano-portuguesa de Geodesia y Geofísica. San Sebastián, 25–29 de junio de 2012Feriche M, y Equipo de Trabajo del IAGPDS (2011) Efectos del Terremoto de Lorca en las edificaciones. Available at http://www.ugr.es/~iag/lorca/Efecto_edificaciones.pdf . Last accessed 03–2013Galasso C, Cosenza E, Maddaloni G (2010) Statistical analysis of reinforcing steel properties for seismic design of RC structures. In: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on earthquake engineering, Aug 30–Sept 3, Ohrid, Republic of MacedoniaGalasso C, Cosenza E, Maddaloni G (2013) Uncertainty analysis of flexural overstrength for new designed RC beams. ASCE J Struct Eng (under review)Goretti A, Di Pasquale G (2006) Technical emergency management. In: Oliveira CS, Roca A, Goula X (eds) Assessing and managing earthquake risk, chapter 16. Springer, BerlinGrunthal G (ed) (1998) European macroseismic scale 1998. Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie, 7, LuxembourgIervolino I, De Luca F, Cosenza E (2010) Spectral shape-based assessment of SDOF nonlinear response to real, adjusted and artificial accelerograms. Eng Struct 32:2776–2792IGN (2011) Seismic catalog: database. Service of seismic informationKalkan E, Kunnath SK (2008) Relevance of absolute and relative energy content in seismic evaluation of structures. 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In: Proceedings of the institution of civil engineering, Supplement IV, pp 57–90Manfredi G (2001) Evaluation of seismic energy demand. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 30:485–499Manfredi G, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2012) Influence of infill panels and their distribution on seismic behavior of existing reinforced concrete buildings. Open Constr Build Technol J 6(Suppl 1–M1):236–253Manfredi G, Verderame GM, Prota A, Ricci P, De Luca F (2013) 2012 Emilia earthquake. Italy, Reinforced concrete buildings response. Bull Earthq Eng (accepted for publication)Mezcua J, Rueda J, García RM (2011) A new probabilistic seismic hazard study of Spain. 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Eng Struct 33(2):308–319Rossetto T, Peiris N (2009) Observations of damage due to the Kashmir earthquake of October 8, 2005 and study of current seismic provisions for buildings in Pakistan. Bull Earthq Eng 7(3):681–699Sezen H, Moehle JP (2004) Shear strength model for lightly reinforced concrete columns. ASCE J Struct Eng 130(11):1692–1703Uang C, Bertero VV (1990) Evaluation of seismic energy in structures. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 19:77–90Verderame GM, De Luca F, De Risi MT, Del Gaudio C, Ricci P (2012) A three level vulnerability approach for the damage assessment of infilled RC buildings: the Emilia 2012 case, V1.0. Available at http://www.reluis.it/Verderame GM, Ricci P, De Luca F, Del Gaudio C, De Risi MT (2013) Damage scenarios for RC buildings during the 2012 Emilia (Italy) earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng (under review)Verderame GM, De Luca F, Ricci P, Manfredi G (2011) Preliminary analysis of a soft-storey mechanism after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 40(8):925–944Vidal F, Alguacil G, Feriche M, Aranda C, Morales J, Stich D, Pérez Muelas J, Benito J, López JM (2011) El terremoto de Lorca: Mayo 2011. Causas del impacto y primeras medidas. Análisis preliminar. Informe IAGPDS, Universidad de Granada. http://www.ugr.es/~iag/lorca/Impacto_Lorca.pdfVidic T, Fajfar P, Fischinger M (1994) Consistent inelastic design spectra: strength and displacement. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 23:502–521Vielma JC, Barbat AH, Oller S (2010) Seismic safety of low ductility structures used in Spain. Bull Earthq Eng 8:135–155VV.AA (2006) Riesgo Sísmico de la Comunidad Autónoma de la Región de Murcia (RISMUR). 6 Vols. Instituto Geográfico Nacional y Dirección General de Protección Civil CAR

Experimental investigation on the influence of the aspect ratio on the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction for masonry infills in RC frames

Abstract The analysis of the behaviour of masonry infills under out-of-plane (OOP) and in-plane (IP) loading is paramount to correctly assess the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. A very important issue about this topic is certainly the IP/OOP interaction, namely the analysis of how the IP damage, which affects infills during earthquakes, can influence their OOP behaviour (and vice-versa). Some studies about this topic were developed in the last years; nevertheless, only a dozen of tests currently exists in the literature to experimentally explore this key issue. This work first presents an experimental campaign carried out on square infill walls in RC frames to investigate about the OOP behaviour of the masonry infills, and about the IP/OOP interaction. On the whole, four specimens have been tested under OOP monotonic loading. Three of them have been first damaged under cyclic IP actions, with different extent; the remaining one, used as a reference, was tested under OOP loading only. The experimental campaign is described in detail in terms of specimens' characteristics, material properties, adopted setup and instrumentation layout. The experimental results are analysed in terms of IP and OOP force-displacement responses, vertical arch strength contribution evolutions, and damage state evolutions, and compared with prediction proposals from the literature. Then, the influence of the infill aspect ratio (width (w)-to-height (h) ratio) on the IP/OOP interaction is investigated by means of the comparison between data presented herein (collected on infills with w/h = 1) and a companion experimental campaign previously performed on nominally identical infills except that for the aspect ratio of the specimens (in that case, higher than the unit). It has been observed that under given IP drift levels, square infills presented lower IP damage levels with respect to rectangular infills (with w/h > 1), thus generally producing a less pronounced detrimental effect of the IP imposed drift on the OOP strength. Nevertheless, none of the predictions from literature takes into account the role of the aspect ratio on the IP/OOP interaction, generally resulting in conservative predictions, to be improved in future works

Infilled RC buildings performances during the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake: application of FAST approach

[EN] A back analysis aimed at the evaluation of reinforced concrete frame buildings performance during the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake is provided by applying FAST method. This is a simplified approach for the estimation of largescale vulnerability of RC moment resisting frame buildings. It accounts for the structural contribution of non-structural masonry infills. Lorca earthquake showed a Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) three times higher with respect to that recommended by local design code. However, damage observed seldom included building collapses. Characteristics of the seismic event and features of the local building stock are studied aimed at showing, through the application of FAST, whether the low amount of collapses could be a consequence of the additional contribution provided by infills, despite their non-structural role in local code design framework. FAST damage scenario showed a fair agreement with observed damage, providing a confirmation on the structural role played by masonry infills.[ES] Se ofrece una hipótesis de comportamiento de los edificios porticados de hormigón armado de Lorca ante el terremoto de 2011, mediante la aplicación del método FAST, procedimiento de estimación simplificada de la vulnerabilidad a gran escala de dichos edificios contando con la contribución estructural de la tabiquería de fábrica. Este terremoto tuvo una aceleración de pico (PGA) tres veces superior a la básica de proyecto; sin embargo, se caracterizó por la práctica ausencia de colapsos. Se estudian las propiedades del evento sísmico y las particularidades de la edificación para, a través de la aplicación de FAST, tratar de confirmar que dicha ausencia de colapsos pudiera deberse a la contribución estructural de la tabiquería, a pesar de no ser proyectada con ese fin ni regulada por las sucesivas regulaciones normativas. Los resultados obtenidos confirman en buena medida dicha hipótesis, siendo el nivel medio de daño previsto consistente con el escenario real.Gómez-Martínez, F.; Pérez-García, A.; De Luca, F.; Verderame, GM. (2015). Comportamiento de los edificios de HA con tabiquería durante el sismo de Lorca de 2011: aplicación del método FAST. Informes de la Construcción. 67(537):1-14. doi:10.3989/ic.12.110S11467537(4) De Miguel, J.L. (2011). Lorca. Madrid: Departamento de Estructuras - ETSAM.De Luca, F., Verderame, G. M., Gómez-Martínez, F., & Pérez-García, A. (2013). The structural role played by masonry infills on RC building performances after the 2011 Lorca, Spain, earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 1999-2026. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9500-1Ricci, P., De Luca, F., & Verderame, G. M. (2010). 6th April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, Italy: reinforced concrete building performance. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 9(1), 285-305. doi:10.1007/s10518-010-9204-8(8) Ricci, P. (2010). Seismic vulnerability of existing RC buildings (Tesis). Nápoles, Italia: Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II.Verderame, G. M., De Luca, F., Ricci, P., & Manfredi, G. (2010). Preliminary analysis of a soft-storey mechanism after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 40(8), 925-944. doi:10.1002/eqe.1069Hermanns, L., Fraile, A., Alarcón, E., & Álvarez, R. (2013). Performance of buildings with masonry infill walls during the 2011 Lorca earthquake. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 1977-1997. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9499-3Benavent-Climent, A., Escobedo, A., Donaire-Avila, J., Oliver-Saiz, E., & Ramírez-Márquez, A. L. (2013). Assessment of expected damage on buildings subjected to Lorca earthquake through an energy-based seismic index method and nonlinear dynamic response analyses. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 2049-2073. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9513-9Manfredi, G., Prota, A., Verderame, G. M., De Luca, F., & Ricci, P. (2013). 2012 Emilia earthquake, Italy: reinforced concrete buildings response. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 2275-2298. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9512-x(14) Grunthal, G. (Ed.). (1998). Cahiers du Centre Europeen de Geodynamique et de Seismologie,Vol. 7, 99 pp. Luxembourg: European Macroseismic Scale 1998.Vidic, T., Fajfar, P., & Fischinger, M. (1994). Consistent inelastic design spectra: Strength and displacement. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 23(5), 507-521. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290230504Dolce, M., Cardone, D., Ponzo, F. C., & Valente, C. (2005). Shaking table tests on reinforced concrete frames without and with passive control systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 34(14), 1687-1717. doi:10.1002/eqe.501Kircher, C. A., Nassar, A. A., Kustu, O., & Holmes, W. T. (1997). Development of Building Damage Functions for Earthquake Loss Estimation. Earthquake Spectra, 13(4), 663-682. doi:10.1193/1.1585974Borzi, B., Pinho, R., & Crowley, H. (2008). Simplified pushover-based vulnerability analysis for large-scale assessment of RC buildings. Engineering Structures, 30(3), 804-820. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.05.021Dol?ek, M., & Fajfar, P. (2004). Inelastic spectra for infilled reinforced concrete frames. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 33(15), 1395-1416. doi:10.1002/eqe.410Ricci, P., Verderame, G. M., & Manfredi, G. (2011). Analytical investigation of elastic period of infilled RC MRF buildings. Engineering Structures, 33(2), 308-319. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.10.009Manfredi, G. (2001). Evaluation of seismic energy demand. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 30(4), 485-499. doi:10.1002/eqe.17(26) CEN. (2004). European Standard EN 1998-1:2003. Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance—Part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. Brussels: Comité Européen de Normaliation.Fardis, M. N. (2009). Seismic Design, Assessment and Retrofitting of Concrete Buildings. Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9842-0Vielma, J. C., Barbat, A. H., & Oller, S. (2009). Seismic safety of low ductility structures used in Spain. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(1), 135-155. doi:10.1007/s10518-009-9127-4(34) Astiz, M.A., Marí, A., Perepérez, B. (2005). Conceptos específicos del proyecto de estructuras en zonas sísmicas. Hormigón y acero, 237.Ricci, P., De Risi, M. T., Verderame, G. M., & Manfredi, G. (2013). Influence of infill distribution and design typology on seismic performance of low- and mid-rise RC buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11(5), 1585-1616. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9453-4De Luca, F., & Verderame, G. M. (2013). A practice-oriented approach for the assessment of brittle failures in existing reinforced concrete elements. Engineering Structures, 48, 373-388. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.09.038(38) Crowley, H., Pinho, R. (2010). Revisiting Eurocode 8 formulae for periods of vibration and their employment in linear seismic analysis. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 39(2):223-235.Navarro, M., García-Jerez, A., Alcalá, F. J., Vidal, F., & Enomoto, T. (2013). Local site effect microzonation of Lorca town (SE Spain). Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 12(5), 1933-1959. doi:10.1007/s10518-013-9491-y(40) Galasso, C., Cosenza, E., Maddaloni, G. (2011). Statistical analysis of reinforcing steel properties for seismic design of RC structures. En Actas de la 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Ohrid, Macedonia.Borzi, B., & Elnashai, A. S. (2000). Refined force reduction factors for seismic design. Engineering Structures, 22(10), 1244-1260. doi:10.1016/s0141-0296(99)00075-9Colangelo, F. (2011). A simple model to include fuzziness in the seismic fragility curve and relevant effect compared with randomness. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 41(5), 969-986. doi:10.1002/eqe.1169(46) Mainstone, R.J. (1970). On the stiffnesses and strengths of infilled frames. En Proceedings of the institution of civil engineering, IV:57-90.(47) De Luca, F., Verderame, G.M., Manfredi, G. (2013). FAST vulnerability approach: a simple solution for damage assessment of RC infilled buildings. En Actas del Vienna Congress on Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. Viena.(48) De Luca F., Verderame, G.M., Gómez Martínez, F. (2013). Fast vulnerability approach: a simple solution for seismic reliability of RC infilled buildings. En Actas del XV Convegno della Associazione Nazionale Italiana di Ingegneria Sismica. Padua, Italia.Benavent-Climent, A., Cahís, X., & Vico, J. M. (2009). Interior wide beam-column connections in existing RC frames subjected to lateral earthquake loading. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(2), 401-420. doi:10.1007/s10518-009-9144-3(50) CEN. (2005). European Standard EN 1998-1:2005. Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance-part 3: assessment and retrofitting of buildings. Comité Européen de Normalisation. Brussels

Experimental analysis of Textile Reinforced Mortars strengthening strategies against the out-of-plane collapse of masonry infill walls

Out-of-plane (OOP) collapse of masonry infill panels in existing reinforced concrete (RC) buildings due to seismic events is a key issue for life safety and seismic economic loss estimation. Few studies in the literature deal with this topic and, above all, with possible strengthening strategies against the OOP collapse. This work presents the main results of an experimental campaign about different strengthening solutions to mitigate the OOP collapse of masonry infills in RC buildings. The investigated strengthening techniques were based on the application of a thin mortar plaster and fiber-reinforced polymer nets with different connection typologies with the surrounding RC frame. The specimens were realized with traditional horizontal hollow clay bricks and were tested through the application of a semi-cyclic OOP displacement pattern by means of uniformly distributed small pneumatic jacks. Tests data and results are presented and commented in terms of OOP force-displacement responses and damage evolution. Details about the effectiveness of each retrofitting solution are provided and compared to support the selection of the best strategy for future applications

Seismic vulnerability of existing RC buildings

Tesi di Dottorato in Rischio sismico, Università di Napoli Federico II (XXIII ciclo

The accuracy of CQC and Response Spectrum Analysis in the case of impulsive earthquakes

Comparison of structural outputs of Response SpectrumAnalyses (RSA) and linearTime History (TH) analyses are carried out for two existing RC frames. Four set of records, in which two of them were made of pulse-like records, were considered; aimed at checking the accuracy of CQC in response spectrum analyses. Results showed a statistically significant underestimation of RSA with respect to TH for maximum interstorey drift and drifts at upper storeys and for all record sets (up to ???20%). Pulse-like records with pulse periods (TP) lower than the fundamental period (T1) of the structures showed an increase of underestimation (up to ???40%). RSA should be carefully employed for both design and assessment when displacement or drifts have to be controlled. These trends are not only an issue in the case of pulse-like records with but in general