A New Criminal Response Framework: Rejecting the Four Horsemen of the Carceral State

Many first-year criminal law courses begin with a discussion of the nineteenth-century English case Regina v. Dudley & Stephens. In this case, a ship was caught in a storm, and while stranded at sea, two men decided to kill and eat a younger man in order to survive. The case considers whether these two men should be punished for killing the third man, and if so, how severe should that punishment be. For many law students, this is one of the rare occasions when they are asked whether punishment is justified. Soon, they will instead be asked which of the four justifications for criminal punishment—retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation—should be applied to each case through the semester. By relying on these “four horsemen of the carceral state” to presume punishment is justified in a given case, first-year criminal law courses often neglect a growing area of legal scholarship regarding decarceration and prison abolition. Because the four justifications of punishment are outdated and often have little verifiable support, in this Note I propose a new criminal response framework to analyze moral responses to crime as well as proactive and reactive utilitarian tools to decrease criminal activity. This Note proceeds in four parts. Part I provides a background on abolitionist tools and concepts and how current first-year criminal law courses neglect to consider them. Part II discusses the four theories of punishment taught in criminal law courses today, the history of each, and some of the shortcomings of using each theory as a justification for punishment. In Part III, I propose a new criminal response framework that uses some familiar theories from the old justifications of punishment and adds abolitionist concepts that give a more holistic approach to criminal justice. Finally, Part IV considers how using my proposed framework will impact criminal education, legal scholarship, and future lawyers

Anodic Oxidation of m-terphenyl thio-, seleno-and telluroethers: Lowered oxidation potentials due to chalcogen.•••π interaction

The electrochemistry of m-terphenylthio-, seleno-, and telluroethers was studied using cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile. All of the compounds studied showed irreversible oxidations. The first oxidation potentials for the thio- and selenoethers are less positive than expected. This facilitation in oxidation is ascribed to through-space S···π and Se···π interaction, respectively, on removal of an electron. No evidence for a comparable effect was found for the phenyltelluro-ethers studied

Selective anosmia in Parkinson's disease

Orientador: Laura Silveira MoriyamaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Introdução: A perda do olfato, observada em mais 80% dos portadores da doença de Parkinson (DP), pode ser usada para o diagnostico através de testes contendo múltiplos odores. A anosmia seletiva ocorre quando a perda é limitada odores específicos, permitindo uma testagem mais limitada e especifica. Um artigo prévio demonstrou anosmia seletiva para os odores de pizza e "wintergreen" em pacientes com DP do Reino Unido quando usado o University of Pensylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), mas não foi confirmada em estudos com pacientes de outras nacionalidades. Nenhum estudo examinou esta questão em uma outra amostra da mesma população. Objetivos: Investigar a existência de anosmia seletiva para os odores de pizza e "wintergreen" em uma outra amostra de pacientes com DP do Reino Unido que realizaram o UPSIT, quando comparados a controles de características demográficas semelhantes. Métodos: Análise de um banco de dados pré-existente contendo 428 indivíduos (221 com DP e 207 controles) submetidos a testes de olfato e residentes no Reino Unido. Foram excluídos 131 indivíduos: 63 (33 DP e 30 controles) porque realizaram outro teste de olfato e 68 (24 DP e 44 controles) para que os grupos fossem pareados por idade, gênero e história de tabagismo. Para cada item, foram calculadas a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo e acurácia. O poder discriminativo da combinação de Pizza e "Wintergreen" foi calculado, e comparado ao relatado na literatura. Resultados: 297 indivíduos (DP =167 e controle=130), foram incluídos. A idade média, gênero e história de tabagismo nos grupos com DP e controle foi respectivamente de: 63.9 ± 9,8 vs 64.7 ± 9,4 anos (p = 0,92), 39,5% vs 40,8 % feminino (p = 0,83) e 47,7% vs 45,7% tabagismo (p=0,76). A especificidade e sensibilidade do UPSIT foi de 86,9% e 83,8% respectivamente. Os itens pizza e "wintergreen" tiveram uma sensibilidade de 88,6%, especificidade de 46,9%, inferiores ao previamente descrito (sensibilidade 90% e especificidade 86%). Na amostra estudada, a combinação de melancia e alcaçuz melhor diferenciou pacientes com DP e controles (sensibilidade 83,2%, especificidade 73,1%). Mulheres (p=0,055) e não fumantes (p=0,025) tiveram performance superior no UPSIT no grupo controle, mas não no grupo com DP. Houve uma relação inversa entre a idade e o escore do USIT nos controles (r= -0,408; p<0,001) e no grupo com DP (r= -0,233; p= 0,002). A duração da doença foi também inversamente relacionada com o UPSIT, mesmo após ajuste para a idade (r= -0,201; p=0,011). Não houve correlação entre a gravidade dos sintomas e da perda olfativa. Conclusão: Os dados não confirmam a presença de anosmia seletiva para pizza e "wintergreen" na DP. Este estudo corrobora os achados previamente descritos na literatura que a idade, gênero e história de tabagismo, mas não gravidade da DP, influenciam a performance olfativaAbstract: Introduction: Olfactory loss, oserved in more than 80% of patients with Parkinson¿s disease (PD), may be used to diagnose this illness through tests using multiple kinds of odors. Selective anosmia happens when the loss is limited specific smells, allowing for a more limited and specific screening test. A previous article showed selective anosmia for pizza and wintergreen odors in United Kingdom (UK) patients with PD using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT); however, this was not confirmed in patients of other nationalities. No study has examined this issue using a sample of the same population. Objectives: To analyze the existence of selective anosmia for pizza and wintergreen odors using a different sample of UK patients with PD, who undertook the UPSIT, in comparison to control a group of similar demographic features. Methods: Analysis of a pre-existing database comprising 428 individuals from the UK (221 with PD and 207 in the control group) who were submitted to olfactory tests was conducted. 131 individuals were excluded: 63 (33 PD and 30 from the control group) due to the fact that they had been submitted to a different olfactory test, and 68 (24 PD and 44 from the control group) in order to allow for the groups to be matched according to age, gender, and smoking status. Measurements of the power of discrimination of the test were calculated for each item, including sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy. The discrimination value of the combination "pizza and wintergreen" was calculated and compared to published findings. Results: 297 individuals (PD=167 and control group = 130) were included in the analysis. The mean age, gender and smoking status in PD and control groups were, respectively: 63.9 ± 9,8 vs 64.7 ± 9,4 years of age (p = 0.92), 39.5% vs 40.8 % female (p = 0.83) and 47.7% vs 45.7% smoking status (p=0.76). UPSIT specificity and sensitivity were 86.9% and 83.8%, respectively. The pizza and wintergreen items presented sensitivity of 88.6%, specificity of 46.9%, and accuracy of 70%, values inferior to what was previously described (sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 86%). In this study's sample the combination of watermelon and licorice proved better differentiators for patients with PD and the control group (sensitivity of 83.2%, specificity of 73.1%). Females (p=0.055) and non-smokers (p=0.025) had a superior performance in the UPSIT in the control but not in the PD group. An inverse relationship was observed between age and UPSIT scores in the control (r= -0.408; p<0.001) and PD groups (r= -0.233; p= 0.002). The duration of the disease also related inversely to the UPSIT, even after age adjustments (r= -0.201; p=0.011). No correlation was observed between severity of symptoms and olfactory loss. Conclusion: Data does not confirm the presence of selective anosmia for pizza and wintergreen odors in patients with PD. This study supports previous findings, described in literature, which demonstrate that age, gender, and smoking status ¿ rather than the severity of PD ¿ influence olfactory performanceDoutoradoNeurologiaDoutor em Ciências Médica

Tongass Land Management Plan: Socioeconomic Plan of Study

The State of Alask

A Bundle of Services Increased Ascertainment of Tuberculosis among HIV-Infected Individuals Enrolled in a HIV Cohort in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

OBJECTIVES: To report on trends of tuberculosis ascertainment among HIV patients in a rural HIV cohort in Tanzania, and assessing the impact of a bundle of services implemented in December 2012, consisting of three components:(i)integration of HIV and tuberculosis services; (ii)GeneXpert for tuberculosis diagnosis; and (iii)electronic data collection. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients enrolled in the Kilombero Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO), Tanzania.). METHODS: HIV patients without prior history of tuberculosis enrolled in the KIULARCO cohort between 2005 and 2013 were included.Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate rates and predictors of tuberculosis ascertainment. RESULTS: Of 7114 HIV positive patients enrolled, 5123(72%) had no history of tuberculosis. Of these, 66% were female, median age was 38 years, median baseline CD4+ cell count was 243 cells/microl, and 43% had WHO clinical stage 3 or 4. During follow-up, 421 incident tuberculosis cases were notified with an estimated incidence of 3.6 per 100 person-years(p-y)[95% confidence interval(CI)3.26-3.97]. The incidence rate varied over time and increased significantly from 2.96 to 43.98 cases per 100 p-y after the introduction of the bundle of services in December 2012. Four independent predictors of tuberculosis ascertainment were identified:poor clinical condition at baseline (Hazard Ratio (HR) 3.89, 95% CI 2.87-5.28), WHO clinical stage 3 or 4 (HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.88-3.26), being antiretroviralnaive (HR 2.97, 95% CI 2.25-3.94), and registration in 2013(HR 6.07, 95% CI 4.39-8.38). CONCLUSION: The integration of tuberculosis and HIV services together with comprehensive electronic data collection and use of GeneXpert increased dramatically the ascertainment of tuberculosis in this rural African HIV cohort

Connecting the cosmic infrared background to the X-ray background

We estimate the contribution of AGNs and of their host galaxies to the infrared background. We use the luminosity function and evolution of AGNs recently determined by the hard X-ray surveys, and new Spectral Energy Distributions connecting the X-ray and the infrared emission, divided in intervals of absorption. These two ingredients allow us to determine the contribution of AGNs to the infrared background by using mostly observed quantities, with only minor assumptions. We obtain that AGN emission contributes little to the infrared background ($<$5% over most of the infrared bands), implying that the latter is dominated by star formation. However, AGN host galaxies may contribute significantly to the infrared background, and more specifically 10--20% in the 1--20$\mu$m range and $\sim$5% at $\lambda<60\mu m$. We also give the contribution of AGNs and of their host galaxies to the source number counts in various infrared bands, focusing on those which will be observed with Spitzer. We also report a significant discrepancy between the expected contribution of AGN hosts to the submm background and bright submm number counts with the observational constraints. We discuss the causes and implications of this discrepancy and the possible effects on the Spitzer far-IR bands.Comment: to appear in MNRAS, replaced with accepted version, paper shortened, results unchange

Prospective assessment of loss to follow-up: incidence and associated factors in a cohort of HIV-positive adults in rural Tanzania

Lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves health outcomes for HIV-positive individuals, but is jeopardized by irregular clinic attendance and hence poor adherence. Loss to follow-up (LTFU) is typically defined retrospectively but this may lead to biased inferences. We assessed incidence of and factors associated with LTFU, prospectively and accounting for recurrent LTFU episodes, in the Kilombero and Ulanga Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO) of HIV-positive persons in rural Tanzania.; We included adults (≥15 years) enrolled in 2005 to 2016, regardless of ART status, with follow-up through April 2017. LTFU was defined as >60 days late for a scheduled appointment. Participants could experience multiple LTFU episodes. We performed analyses based on the first (prospective) and last (retrospective) events observed during follow-up, and accounting for recurrent LTFU episodes. Time to LTFU was estimated using cumulative incidence functions. We assessed factors associated with LTFU using cause-specific proportional hazards, marginal means/rates, and Prentice, Williams and Peterson models.; Among 8087 participants (65% female, 60% aged ≥35 years, 42% WHO stage 3/4, and 47% CD4 count <200 cells/mm; 3; ), there were 8140 LTFU episodes, after which there were 2483 (31%) returns to care. One-year LTFU probabilities were 0.41 (95% confidence interval 0.40, 0.42) and 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) considering the first and last events respectively. Factors associated with LTFU were broadly consistent across different models: being male, younger age, never married, living far from the clinic, not having an HIV-positive partner, lower BMI, advanced WHO stage, not having tuberculosis, and shorter time since ART initiation. Associations between LTFU and pregnancy, CD4 count, and enrolment year depended on the analysis approach.; LTFU episodes were common and prompt tracing efforts are urgently needed. We identified socio-demographic and clinical characteristics associated with LTFU that can be used to target tracing efforts and to help inform the design of appropriate interventions. Incidence of and risk factors for LTFU differed based on the LTFU definition applied, highlighting the importance of appropriately accounting for recurrent LTFU episodes. We recommend using a prospective definition of LTFU combined with recurrent event analyses in cohorts where repeated interruptions in care are common