La mise en valeur du patrimoine naturel et culturel par la création de sentiers écotouristiques dans l'arrière-pays de la Baie-des-Chaleurs, Gaspésie

Pendant plus de deux cents ans, la Gaspésie a vécu de ses ressources naturelles, étant considérée à bien des égards comme une simple région ressource. Comme ce type d'économie est dépendant de la disponibilité des richesses naturelles, il est donc sujet à s'effondrer si celles-ci sont surexploitées. C'est ce que vit présentement la région puisque tant les secteurs de la pêche, de la foresterie et des mines y sont en déclin. Une réorientation de l'économie dans la région est donc impérative afin d'assurer sa pérennité. À cet égard, le tourisme, et plus particulièrement l'écotourisme, apparaît comme une solution prometteuse. En effet, la Gaspésie jouit d'un riche patrimoine naturel et culturel dont la mise en valeur, dans une optique de développement durable, ne compromet en rien les attraits sur lesquelles elle repose, contrairement à la simple extraction des ressources. De plus, cette économie vient jouer un rôle dans l'éducation des gens quant à l'importance de la préservation de l'environnement et d'une saine gestion des ressources. Cette recherche vise donc à favoriser la prise de conscience, tant de la part des touristes que des résidants, de l'importance du patrimoine naturel et historique qui les entoure tout en les sensibilisant à la détérioration rapide de l'environnement et ce, en se basant sur les principes de l'écotourisme dans un contexte de développement durable. Pour y parvenir, une grille d'analyse élaborée à partir de travaux similaires a permis la sélection de 95 sites d'attraits du patrimoine naturel et historique de l'arrière-pays qui ont ensuite été regroupés le long de cinq sentiers écotouristiques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Patrimoine naturel et culturel, Écotourisme, Circuits de sentiers pédestres, Développement régional

Les précurseurs cognitifs de la colère au sein du couple

La présente étude a pour objectif d'examiner la relation entre le sentiment de colère, différents types de précurseurs cognitifs potentiels de ce sentiment et le degré d'ajustement conjugal de conjoints mariés ou cohabitant. Ainsi, 225 couples francophones présentant une moyenne d'âge de 35.1 ans ont participé à la recherche. Les résultats montrent d'abord qu'il existe différents types de relations entre les précurseurs cognitifs, le sentiment de colère et l'ajustement dyadique des participants. Ces relations varient selon le sexe et le degré de satisfaction conjugale des conjoints. À cet effet, il apparaît que chez les hommes le modèle d'explication de l'ajustement conjugal fait appel à plus de variables que le modèle observé chez les femmes. Il en est de même pour les conjoints satisfaits comparativement aux conjoints en détresse conjugale. Les analyses font aussi état de d'autres disparités sexuelles importantes. En effet, les femmes semblent expérimenter davantage d'insécurité, d'injustice et ressentir aussi plus de colère que les hommes

From speciation to introgressive hybridization: the phylogeographic structure of an island subspecies of termite, Reticulitermes lucifugus corsicus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although much research has been carried out into European <it>Reticulitermes </it>taxonomy in recent years, there is still much discussion about phylogenetic relationships. This study investigated the evolution from intra- to interspecific phylogeny in the island subspecies <it>Reticulitermes lucifugus corsicus </it>and threw new light on this phenomenon. An integrative approach based on microsatellites and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences was used to analyze samples taken from a wide area around the Tyrrhenian sea and showed how the subspecies evolved from its origins to its most recent form on continental coasts.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>According to mitochondrial phylogeny and molecular clock calculations, island and continental taxa diverged significantly by vicariance in the Pleistocene glacial period. However, more recently, numerous migrations, certainly human-mediated, affected the structure of the populations. This study provided evidence of direct hybridization and multiple introgressions which occurred in several hybrid areas. Analysis using STRUCTURE based on microsatellite data identified a population in Provence (France) which differed considerably (Fst = 0.477) from populations on the island of Corsica and in Tuscany in the Italian peninsula. This new population, principally distributed in urban areas, is highly heterogeneous especially within the ITS2 regions where homogenization by concerted evolution does not appear to have been completed.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study provides an unusual picture of genetic interaction between termite populations in the Tyrrhenian area and suggests that more attention should be paid to the role of introgression and human impact on the recent evolution of European termites.</p

Model for glucagon secretion by pancreatic α-cells

Glucagon hormone is synthesized and released by pancreatic α-cells, one of the islet-cell types. This hormone, along with insulin, maintains blood glucose levels within the physiological range. Glucose stimulates glucagon release at low concentrations (hypoglycemia). However, the mechanisms involved in this secretion are still not completely clear. Here, using experimental calcium time series obtained in mouse pancreatic islets at low and high glucose conditions, we propose a glucagon secretion model for α-cells. Our model takes into account that the resupply of releasable granules is not only controlled by cytoplasmic Ca²+, as in other neuroendocrine and endocrine cells, but also by the level of extracellular glucose. We found that, although calcium oscillations are highly variable, the average secretion rates predicted by the model fall into the range of values reported in the literature, for both stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. For low glucose levels, the model predicts that there would be a well-controlled number of releasable granules refilled slowly from a large reserve pool, probably to ensure a secretion rate that could last for several minutes. Studying the α-cell response to the addition of insulin at low glucose, we observe that the presence of insulin reduces glucagon release by decreasing the islet Ca²+ level. This observation is in line with previous work reporting that Ca²+ dynamics, mainly frequency, is altered by insulin. Thus, the present results emphasize the main role played by Ca²+ and glucose in the control of glucagon secretion by α-cells. Our modeling approach also shows that calcium oscillations potentiate glucagon secretion as compared to constant levels of this cellular messenger. Altogether, the model sheds new light on the subcellular mechanisms involved in α-cell exocytosis, and provides a quantitative predictive tool for studying glucagon secretion modulators in physiological and pathological conditions.This work was supported by i-MATH Future Platform, Project Number C3-0136 (www.i-math.org), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spanish Government, Project BFU2010-21773 (www.micinn.es), CONACyT-Mexico, PhD scholarship number 67287 (www.conacyt.mx), ESF FUNCDYN Programme, Exchange Grants EX/2337 and EX/3617 (www.esf.org), and Fonds National de la Recherche Médicale, grant 3.4636.04 (www2.frs.fnrs.be). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript

Strong Gene Flow Undermines Local Adaptations in a Host Parasite System

The co-evolutionary pathways followed by hosts and parasites strongly depend on the adaptive potential of antagonists and its underlying genetic architecture. Geographically structured populations of interacting species often experience local differences in the strength of reciprocal selection pressures, which can result in a geographic mosaic of co-evolution. One example of such a system is the boreo-montane social wasp Polistes biglumis and its social parasite Polistes atrimandibularis, which have evolved local defense and counter-defense mechanisms to match their antagonist. In this work, we study spatial genetic structure of P. biglumis and P. atrimandibularis populations at local and regional scales in the Alps, by using nuclear markers (DNA microsatellites, AFLP) and mitochondrial sequences. Both the host and the parasite populations harbored similar amounts of genetic variation. Host populations were not genetically structured at the local scale, but geographic regions were significantly differentiated from each other in both the host and the parasite in all markers. The net dispersal inferred from genetic differentiation was similar in the host and the parasite, which may be due to the annual migration pattern of the parasites between alpine and lowland populations. Thus, the apparent dispersal barriers (i.e., high mountains) do not restrict gene flow as expected and there are no important gene flow differences between the species, which contradict the hypothesis that restricted gene flow is required for local adaptations to evolve

Strong Gene Flow Undermines Local Adaptations in a Host Parasite System

The co-evolutionary pathways followed by hosts and parasites strongly depend on the adaptive potential of antagonists and its underlying genetic architecture. Geographically structured populations of interacting species often experience local differences in the strength of reciprocal selection pressures, which can result in a geographic mosaic of co-evolution. One example of such a system is the boreo-montane social wasp Polistes biglumis and its social parasite Polistes atrimandibularis, which have evolved local defense and counter-defense mechanisms to match their antagonist. In this work, we study spatial genetic structure of P. biglumis and P. atrimandibularis populations at local and regional scales in the Alps, by using nuclear markers (DNA microsatellites, AFLP) and mitochondrial sequences. Both the host and the parasite populations harbored similar amounts of genetic variation. Host populations were not genetically structured at the local scale, but geographic regions were significantly differentiated from each other in both the host and the parasite in all markers. The net dispersal inferred from genetic differentiation was similar in the host and the parasite, which may be due to the annual migration pattern of the parasites between alpine and lowland populations. Thus, the apparent dispersal barriers (i.e., high mountains) do not restrict gene flow as expected and there are no important gene flow differences between the species, which contradict the hypothesis that restricted gene flow is required for local adaptations to evolve

Experimental development and bond graph dynamic modelling of a brazed plate heat exchanger

This article is devoted to the dynamic study of a brazed plate heat exchanger (BPHE). First, an introduction to the industrial context of the current FUI THERMOFLUIDE project is proposed. A succinct presentation of the heat exchanger technology is proposed. Afterward, a state of the art discussion of BPHE modelling, heat transfer and pressure drop correlations is given. Then a detailed mathematical description of an original dynamic model is presented. The last section deals with a description of the experimental test rig and performed validation tests.FUI Thermodfluid-R

Rational design of an estrogen receptor mutant with altered DNA-binding specificity

Although artificial C2-H2 zinc fingers can be designed to recognize specific DNA sequences, it remains unclear to which extent nuclear receptor C4 zinc fingers can be tailored to bind novel DNA elements. Steroid receptors bind as dimers to palindromic response elements differing in the two central base pairs of repeated motifs. Predictions based on one amino acid—one base-pair relationships may not apply to estrogen receptors (ERs), which recognize the two central base pairs of estrogen response elements (EREs) via two charged amino acids, each contacting two bases on opposite DNA strands. Mutagenesis of these residues, E203 and K210 in ERα, indicated that both contribute to ERE binding. Removal of the electric charge and steric constraints associated with K210 was required for full loss of parental DNA-binding specificity and recognition of novel sequences by E203 mutants. Although some of the new binding profiles did not match predictions, the double mutation E203R-K210A generated as predicted a mutant ER that was transcriptionally active on palindromes of PuGCTCA motifs, but not on consensus EREs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of designing C4 zinc finger mutants with novel DNA-binding specificity, but also uncovers limitations of this approach

Missense variants in ANKRD11 cause KBG syndrome by impairment of stability or transcriptional activity of the encoded protein

Purpose Although haploinsufficiency of ANKRD11 is among the most common genetic causes of neurodevelopmental disorders, the role of rare ANKRD11 missense variation remains unclear. We characterized clinical, molecular, and functional spectra of ANKRD11 missense variants. Methods We collected clinical information of individuals with ANKRD11 missense variants and evaluated phenotypic fit to KBG syndrome. We assessed pathogenicity of variants through in silico analyses and cell-based experiments. Results We identified 20 unique, mostly de novo, ANKRD11 missense variants in 29 individuals, presenting with syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders similar to KBG syndrome caused by ANKRD11 protein truncating variants or 16q24.3 microdeletions. Missense variants significantly clustered in repression domain 2 at the ANKRD11 C-terminus. Of the 10 functionally studied missense variants, 6 reduced ANKRD11 stability. One variant caused decreased proteasome degradation and loss of ANKRD11 transcriptional activity. Conclusion Our study indicates that pathogenic heterozygous ANKRD11 missense variants cause the clinically recognizable KBG syndrome. Disrupted transrepression capacity and reduced protein stability each independently lead to ANKRD11 loss-of-function, consistent with haploinsufficiency. This highlights the diagnostic relevance of ANKRD11 missense variants, but also poses diagnostic challenges because the KBG-associated phenotype may be mild and inherited pathogenic ANKRD11 (missense) variants are increasingly observed, warranting stringent variant classification and careful phenotyping