Anti-inflammatory Intestinal Activity Of Combretum Duarteanum Cambess. In Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Colitis Model

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory intestinal effect of the ethanolic extract (EtOHE) and hexane phase (HexP) obtained from the leaves of Combretum duarteanum (Cd). METHODS Inflammatory bowel disease was induced using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in acute and relapsed ulcerative colitis in rat models. Damage scores, and biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Both Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP caused significant reductions in macroscopic lesion scores and ulcerative lesion areas. The vegetable samples inhibited myeloperoxidase increase, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 also increased in animals treated with the tested plant samples. The anti-inflammatory intestinal effect is related to decreased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and an increase in superoxide dismutase. CONCLUSION The data indicate anti-inflammatory intestinal activity. The effects may also involve participation of the antioxidant system and principal cytokines relating to inflammatory bowel disease.2381353136

Ulcer healing and mechanism(s) of action involved in the gastroprotective activity of fractions obtained from Syngonanthus arthrotrichus and Syngonanthus bisulcatus

Abstract Background Syngonanthus arthrotrichus and Syngonanthus bisulcatus, currently known for Comanthera aciphylla (Bong.) L.R.Parra & Giul. and Comanthera bisulcata (Koern.) L.R. Parra & Giul, popularly known in Brazil as “sempre-vivas,” are plants from the family Eriocaulaceae. They are found in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. The species are known to be rich in flavonoids to which their gastroprotective activity has been attributed. In this research, experimental protocols were performed to elucidate the associated mechanisms of action. Methods The activity was evaluated using induced gastric ulcer models (acetic acid and ethanol-induced gastric lesions in NEM or L-NAME pre-treated mice, and by ischemia/reperfusion). Antioxidant enzymes, serum somatostatin, and gastrin were also evaluated. Results In chronic gastric ulcers, a single daily oral dose of Sa-FRF or Sb-FRF (100 mg/kg body wt.) for 14 consecutive days accelerated ulcer healing to an extent similar to that seen with an equal dose of cimetidine. The pre-treatment of mice with NEM (N-ethylmaleimide) or L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine) abolished the protective activity of Sa-FRF, Sa-FDF, Sb-FDF and Sb-FRF or Sa-FRF and Sb-FRF, respectively, which indicates that antioxidant compounds and nitric oxide synthase activity are involved in the gastroprotective. Sa-FRF and Sb-FRF (100 mg/kg p.o) protected the gastric mucosa against ulceration that was induced by ischemia/reperfusion (72 and 76 %, respectively). It also decreased lipid peroxidation and restored total thiols in the gastric wall of mice that had been treated with ethanol. When administered to rats submitted to ethanol-induced gastric lesions, Sa-FRF and Sb-FRF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the somatostatin serum levels, while the gastrin serum levels were proportionally decreased. Conclusions The results indicate significant healing effects and gastroprotective activity for the Sa-FRF and Sb-FRF, which probably involves the participation of SH groups, nitric oxide (NO), the antioxidant system, somatostatin, and gastrin. All are integral parts of the gastrointestinal mucosa’s cytoprotective mechanisms against aggressive factors

Tannins, Peptic Ulcers and Related Mechanisms

This review of the current literature aims to study correlations between the chemical structure and gastric anti-ulcer activity of tannins. Tannins are used in medicine primarily because of their astringent properties. These properties are due to the fact that tannins react with the tissue proteins with which they come into contact. In gastric ulcers, this tannin-protein complex layer protects the stomach by promoting greater resistance to chemical and mechanical injury or irritation. Moreover, in several experimental models of gastric ulcer, tannins have been shown to present antioxidant activity, promote tissue repair, exhibit anti Helicobacter pylori effects, and they are involved in gastrointestinal tract anti-inflammatory processes. The presence of tannins explains the anti-ulcer effects of many natural products

Database Survey of Anti-Inflammatory Plants in South America: A Review

Inflammation is a complex event linked to tissue damage whether by bacteria, physical trauma, chemical, heat or any other phenomenon. This physiological response is coordinated largely by a variety of chemical mediators that are released from the epithelium, the immunocytes and nerves of the lamina propria. However, if the factor that triggers the inflammation persists, the inflammation can become relentless, leading to an intensification of the lesion. The present work is a literature survey of plant extracts from the South American continent that have been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity. This review refers to 63 bacterial families of which the following stood out: Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae and Celastraceae, with their countries, parts used, types of extract used, model bioassays, organisms tested and their activity

Atividade gastroprotetora de Combretum duarteanum Cambess. (Combretaceae) em modelos animais

Combretum duarteanum Cambess is popularly known as mofumbo, a unique species from Latin America, usually associated with arid environments. This species belongs to Combretaceae family, known in various continents of the world for its popular use in treatment of inflammation and infections, its effects are usually associated with its major constituents, flavonoids, tannins and terpenes. The crude ethanol extract (Cd-EtOHE) and the hexane phase (Cd-HexP) obtained from the leaves of C. duarteanum Cambess were evaluated for toxicity and pharmacological effects against gastroprotective activity and healing, as well as the likely mechanisms of related actions. Oral administration (p.o.) 2000 mg/Kg of Cd-EtOHE, in mice did not show behavioral changes. Regarding water intake, was observed that the extract did not cause significant changes in both the groups, both in males and in females. However the feed intake was observed to decrease significantly in the group of males treated. No animal died and no significant macroscopic changes in daily body or organ weight were observed, making it impossible to determine the LD50. The Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP were assessed for their gastroprotective activity in models of acute ulcer induced by HCl/ ethanol, absolute ethanol, stress (immobilization and cold), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (piroxicam) at doses with 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg / kg (p.o.) and pylorus ligature (250 mg/kg v.o. and i.d.) in Swiss mice and male Wistar rats. In the model HCl / ethanol, Cd-EtOHE (62.5 125, 250 and 500 mg / kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the ULI the ulcerative lesion index in 28, 36, 55 and 63% respectively. It was also observed in the ethanol model Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP (62.5 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited the ULI in 51, 48, 61, 45 and 37, 44, 79, 86 %, respectively. In the stress model Cd-EtOHE (125, 250 and 500 mg / kg, po) reduced the ULI in 44, 54 and 69% and Cd-HexP (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg / kg po) was about 55, 56, 69 and 79%.In the NSAID-induced ulcers, the percentages of protection for Cd-EtOHE (125, 250 and 500 mg / kg, po) and Cd-HexP (250 and 500 mg / kg, po) were 30, 42, 49 and 43%, 52% , respectively. The results obtained front of the restraint of gastric secretion (pylorus ligation) have shown that Cd-EtOHE (250 mg/kg) or Cd-HexP (250 mg/kg), showed protection both given orally (p.o.) (66 and 39%) or by intraduodenal route (i.d.) (41 and 45%), respectively. The data showed that the Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP, did not promote changes in pH and the volume of gastric juice. To evaluate the gastroprotective activity and the likely mechanisms of related actions of the Cd-EtOHE (250 mg / kg) and Cd-HexP (250 mg / kg) were carried out experimental protocols to assess the contribution of mucus, nitric oxide and sulfhydryl groups. According to the obtained results, it is possible to suggest that the gastroprotective effect does not include the mucus participation, but is dependent on the nitric oxide and sulfhydryl compounds participation. In the model of acetic acid induced ulcer, chronic treatment with Cd-EtOHE (250 mg / kg, po) and Cd-HexP (250 mg / kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the ulcerative area in 38 and 48%, respectively. During the 14 days of treatment, we observed that the Cd-EtOHE increased the water and food intake, but for Cd-HexP this effect was not observed. These results suggest that the Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP displays gastroprotective activity, which are related the participation of NO, an increase in endogenous SH compounds, as well as the growth factors involvement in the healing process induced by the chemical constituents present in the vegetable samples tested.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESCombretum duarteanum Cambess, popularmente conhecida como mofumbo, é uma espécie exclusiva da América Latina, geralmente associada a ambientes da caatinga, com uso popular para fins medicinais, dentre elas para o tratamento de inflamação e infecções. Tais efeitos geralmente estão associados aos seus principais constituintes, dentre eles os flavonóides, taninos e terpenos. O extrato etanólico bruto (EEtOH-Cd) e a fase hexânica (FaHex-Cd) obtidos das folhas de C. duarteanum Cambess, foram avaliados quanto a sua toxicidade e efeitos farmacológicos frente a atividade gastroprotetora e cicatrizante, assim como os prováveis mecanismos de ação relacionados. A administração oral (v.o.) de 2000 mg/Kg do EEtOH-Cd, não provocou alterações no comportamento, nos pesos corporais e nos órgãos, bem como não ocorreram alterações no consumo de água, entretanto, o consumo de ração, foi reduzido no grupo dos animais machos. Não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas nos órgãos, sem ocorrência de mortes, sendo portanto, impossível determinar a DL50. O EEtOH-Cd e FaHex-Cd foram avaliados quanto à sua atividade gastroprotetora nos modelos de indução aguda de úlcera HCl/Etanol, etanol absoluto, estresse (imobilização e frio) e antiinflamatório não esteroidal (piroxicam) nas doses 62,5, 125, 250 e 500 mg/Kg (v.o.) e contensão do suco gástrico ( 250 mg/Kg v.o. e i.d.) em camundongos Swiss e ratos Wistar machos. No modelo HCl/etanol, o EEtOH-Cd (62,5 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) reduziu o índice de lesão ulcerativa (ILU) em 28, 36, 55 e 63 %, respectivamente. Também foi observado no modelo de etanol que o EEtOH-Cd e a FaHex-Cd (62,5 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) inibiram o ILU em 51, 48, 61, 45 e 37, 44, 79, 86 %, respectivamente. No modelo de estresse o EEtOH-Cd ( 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) reduziu o ILU em cerca de 44, 54 e 69% e a FaHex-Cd (62,5, 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) em cerca de 55, 56, 69 e 79 %. Na indução aguda de úlcera por AINE, as porcentagens de proteção para EEtOH-Cd ( 125, 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) e FaHex-Cd ( 250 e 500 mg/kg, v.o.) foram 30, 42, 49 % e 43, 52 %, respectivamente. Nas úlceras induzidas por contensão do suco gástrico (ligadura de piloro) o EEtOH-Cd (250 mg/kg) e a FaHex-Cd (250 mg/kg) apresentaram proteção gástrica tanto por via oral (v.o.) (66 e 39 %) quanto por via intraduodenal (i.d.) (41 e 45 %), respectivamente. Tanto o EEtOH-Cd e FaHex-Cd não provocaram alterarações no volume e pH do suco gástrico. Na perspectiva de elucidar os prováveis mecanismos de ação envolvidos com a atividade gastroprotetora do EEtOH-Cd (250 mg/kg) e da FaHex-Cd (250 mg/kg), foram avaliadas as participações do muco aderido a mucosa, do óxido nítrico e dos grupamentos sulfidrílicos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos o efeito gastroprotetor não inclui a participação do muco, porém é dependente da participação do óxido nítrico e dos compostos sulfidrílicos. No modelo de úlcera induzida por ácido acético, o tratamento crônico com o EEtOH-Cd (250 mg/kg, v.o.) ou FaHex-Cd (250 mg/kg, v.o.) reduziu a área de lesão ulcerativa em 38 e 48 %, respectivamente. Neste modelo, durante os 14 dias de tratamento, foi observado que o EEtOH-Cd promoveu aumento na ingesta de água e ração. Portanto, estes dados indicam C. duarteanum apresenta atividade gastroprotetora podendo ter a participação dos grupamentos sulfidrilas e da via do óxido nítrico, bem como o envolvimento de fatores de crescimento no processo de cicatrização induzido pelos constituintes químicos presentes nas amostras vegetais testadas

Gastroprotective effects (in rodents) of a flavonoid rich fraction obtained from Syngonanthus macrolepsis

Objectives: Syngonanthus macrolepis, popularly known in Brazil as sempre-vivas', is a plant from the family Eriocaulaceae, it is found in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. The species contains a variety of constituents, including flavonoids with gastroprotective effect. In this work, a flavonoid-rich fraction (Sm-FRF) obtained from scapes of S.macrolepis was investigated for preventing gastric ulceration in mice and rats.MethodsThe activity was evaluated in models of induced gastric ulcer (absolute ethanol, stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and pylorus ligation). The cytoprotective mechanisms of the Sm-FRF in relation to sulfhydryl (SH) groups, nitric oxide (NO) and antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated.Key findingsThe Sm-FRF (100mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced gastric injury in all models, and did not alter gastric juice parameters after pylorus ligation.ConclusionsThe results indicate significant gastroprotective activity for the Sm-FRF, which probably involves the participation of both SH groups and the antioxidant system. Both are integral parts of the gastrointestinal mucosa's cytoprotective mechanisms against aggressive factors

Anti-inflammatory intestinal activity of Combretum duarteanum Cambess. in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis model

AIM To evaluate the anti-inflammatory intestinal effect of the ethanolic extract (EtOHE) and hexane phase (HexP) obtained from the leaves of Combretum duarteanum (Cd). METHODS Inflammatory bowel disease was induced using trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid in acute and relapsed ulcerative colitis in rat models. Damage scores, and biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Both Cd-EtOHE and Cd-HexP caused significant reductions in macroscopic lesion scores and ulcerative lesion areas. The vegetable samples inhibited myeloperoxidase increase, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta. Anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 also increased in animals treated with the tested plant samples. The anti-inflammatory intestinal effect is related to decreased expression of cyclooxygenase-2, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and an increase in superoxide dismutase. CONCLUSION The data indicate anti-inflammatory intestinal activity. The effects may also involve participation of the antioxidant system and principal cytokines relating to inflammatory bowel disease23813531366sem informaçã

Gastroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract and fractions obtained from syngonanthus bisulcatus Rul

Syngonanthus bisulcatus Rul., popularly known in Brazil as sempre-vivas chapadeira, is a plant of the family Eriocaulaceae, it is found in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia. In this work, the ethanolic extract (EtOHE), flavonoid-rich (FRF), and flavonoid-deficient (FDF) fractions obtained from scapes of S. bisulcatus were investigated for gastroprotection in both rats and mice. The activity was evaluated in models for induced gastric ulcer (absolute ethanol, stress, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and pylorus ligation). The participation of mucus and prostaglandin E2 were also investigated. Sb-EtOHE (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg, p.o.), Sb-FRF (100 mg/kg, p.o.), and Sb-FDF (100 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced gastric injuries in all models. Sb-FRF altered gastric juice parameters after pylorus ligation. Sb-FRF and Sb-FDF (100 mg/kg each, p.o.) significantly increased the amount of adherent mucus in the gastric mucosa. Sb-FRF maintained the mucosal levels of prostaglandin after the administration of indomethacin. The results indicate that Sb-EtOHE, Sb-FRF and Sb-FDF have significant gastroprotective activity. The observed gastroprotective effects of S. bisulcatus probably involve the participation of both mucus and prostaglandins, integral parts of the gastrointestinal mucosa's cytoprotective mechanisms against aggressive factors. © 2013 Reproduction is free for scientific studies.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP