66 research outputs found

    Using interactive multimedia to document and communicate Inuit knowledge

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    Media technology has acted as both a threat to local knowledge and language, and a tool to strengthen it. More and more, indigenous peoples are using media for their own purposes from art to communication to education. Multimedia technology is surfacing as one useful tool in local knowledge and language revitalization efforts. Multimedia is being applied in a number of ways, preserving and passing on local knowledge and languages and showing potential for doing so in ways that engage young people and are more closely aligned with indigenous forms of teaching and learning. Discussing a case study example of one multimedia project in Nunavut, this paper evaluates multimedia in the context of documenting and communicating Inuit knowledge. Though there are challenges and issues to consider, multimedia and other technologies should be considered and creatively applied to help local people reach their goals. Texts and other forms of media remain important resources for documentation and communication in the North, but multimedia has the potential to grow into a key tool.La technologie des mĂ©dias a agi Ă  la fois comme menace contre le savoir local et les langues et comme un outil pour les renforcer. De plus en plus, les peuples autochtones emploient les mĂ©dias Ă  leurs propres fins que ce soit pour l’art, la communication ou l’éducation. La technologie des multimĂ©dias est appliquĂ©e de façons multiples, prĂ©servant et transmettant le savoir local et les langues, et montrant qu’elle peut le faire d’une façon qui attire les jeunes et qui est plus en phase avec les formes autochtones d’enseignement et d’apprentissage. En examinant un cas d’étude de projet multimĂ©dia au Nunavut, cet article Ă©value les multimĂ©dias dans le contexte de la documentation et de la transmission du savoir inuit. Bien qu’il y ait des dĂ©fis et des problĂšmes Ă  prendre en compte, le multimĂ©dia et les autres techniques devraient ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ©s et appliquĂ©s de façon crĂ©ative afin d’aider les populations locales Ă  atteindre leurs buts. Les textes et les autres formes de mĂ©dias demeurent des ressources importantes pour la documentation et la communication dans le Nord mais le multimĂ©dia a le potentiel de devenir un outil clef

    Challenges in Community-Research Relationships: Learning from Natural Science in Nunavut

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    The context and conduct of Arctic research are changing. In Nunavut, funding agencies, licensing bodies, and new regulatory agencies established under the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement require researchers to engage and consult with Inuit communities during all phases of research, to provide local training and other benefits, and to communicate project results effectively. Researchers are also increasingly expected to incorporate traditional knowledge into their work and to design studies that are relevant to local interests and needs. In this paper, we explore the challenges that researchers and communities experience in meeting these requirements by reviewing case studies of three natural science projects in Nunavut. Together, these projects exemplify both success and failure in negotiating research relationships. The case studies highlight three principal sources of researcher-community conflict: 1) debate surrounding acceptable impacts of research and the nature and extent of local benefits that research projects can and should provide; 2) uncertainty over who has the power and authority to dictate terms and conditions under which projects should be licensed; and 3) the appropriate research methodology and design to balance local expectations and research needs. The Nunavut research licensing process under the Scientists Act is an important opportunity for communities, scientists, and regulatory agencies to negotiate power relationships. However, the standards and procedures used to evaluate research impact remain unclear, as does the role of communities in the decision-making process for research licensing. The case studies also demonstrate the critical role of trust and rapport, forged through early and frequent communication, efforts to provide local training, and opportunities for community members to observe, participate in, and derive employment from project activities. Clarifying research policies in Nunavut is one step to improving relations between scientists and communities. In addition, steps need to be taken at both policy and project levels to train researchers, educate funding programs, mobilize institutions, and empower communities, thus strengthening the capacity of all stakeholders in northern research.Le contexte et la rĂ©alisation des travaux de recherche dans l’Arctique sont en pleine Ă©volution. Au Nunavut, les organismes de financement, les organismes de dĂ©livrance de permis et de nouveaux organismes rĂ©glementaires mis sur pied en vertu de l’Entente sur la revendication territoriale du Nunavut exigent des chercheurs qu’ils recourent aux services des collectivitĂ©s inuites et les consultent Ă  toutes les Ă©tapes des travaux de recherche, qu’ils assurent la formation des personnes auxquelles ils font affaire et leurs fournissent d’autres avantages, puis qu’ils communiquent bien les rĂ©sultats des projets rĂ©alisĂ©s. Par ailleurs, on s’attend de plus en plus Ă  ce que les chercheurs intĂšgrent les connaissances traditionnelles Ă  leur travail et conçoivent des Ă©tudes qui se rapportent aux intĂ©rĂȘts et aux besoins cernĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion. Dans ce document, nous nous penchons sur les dĂ©fis que doivent relever les chercheurs et les collectivitĂ©s pour rĂ©pondre Ă  ces exigences en nous appuyant sur les Ă©tudes de cas de trois projets en sciences naturelles rĂ©alisĂ©s au Nunavut. Ensemble, ces projets exemplifient tant la rĂ©ussite que l’échec en matiĂšre de nĂ©gociation de relations de recherche. Ces Ă©tudes de cas mettent en Ă©vidence trois sources principales de conflits entre les chercheurs et la collectivitĂ© : 1) le dĂ©bat concernant les incidences acceptables de la recherche de mĂȘme que la nature et l’étendue des avantages ressentis Ă  l’échelle locale dĂ©coulant ou susceptibles de dĂ©couler des projets de recherche; 2) l’incertitude quant Ă  savoir Ă  qui revient le pouvoir et l’autoritĂ© de dicter les modalitĂ©s en vertu desquelles les projets de recherche devraient se voir accorder un permis; et 3) le caractĂšre adĂ©quat de la mĂ©thodologie et de la conception de la recherche en matiĂšre d’équilibre des attentes des gens de la rĂ©gion et des besoins de la recherche. En vertu de la Loi sur les scientifiques, le processus de dĂ©livrance des permis de recherche au Nunavut constitue une maniĂšre importante pour les collectivitĂ©s, les scientifiques et les organismes rĂ©glementaires de nĂ©gocier des rapports de force. Cependant, les normes et les mĂ©thodes servant Ă  Ă©valuer les incidences des projets de recherche ne sont toujours pas claires, ce qui est Ă©galement le cas du rĂŽle des collectivitĂ©s dans le processus de prise de dĂ©cisions en matiĂšre de dĂ©livrance des permis de recherche. Les Ă©tudes de cas font Ă©galement ressortir le rĂŽle critique de la confiance et des relations, ceux-ci Ă©tant le rĂ©sultat de communications qui se font frĂ©quemment et sans tarder, d’efforts pour fournir de la formation Ă  l’échelle locale et d’occasions, pour les membres de la collectivitĂ©, d’observer ce qui se passe, de participer et de se trouver du travail dans le cadre des activitĂ©s de recherche. Au Nunavut, la clarification des politiques de recherche constitue une maniĂšre d’amĂ©liorer les relations entre les scientifiques et les collectivitĂ©s. De plus, des mesures doivent ĂȘtre prises sur le plan des politiques et des projets pour former les chercheurs, sensibiliser les responsables des programmes de financement, mobiliser les Ă©tablissements et habiliter les collectivitĂ©s et ce, afin de renforcer la capacitĂ© de tous les intervenants touchĂ©s par les travaux de recherche dans le Nord

    Staying in place during times of change in Arctic Alaska: The implications of attachment,alternatives, and buffering

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    The relationship between stability and change in social-ecological systems has received considerable attention in recent years, including the expectation that significant environmental changes will drive observable consequences for individuals, communities, and populations. Migration, as one example of response to adverse economic or environmental changes, has been observed in many places, including parts of the Far North. In Arctic Alaska, a relative lack of demographic or migratory response to rapid environmental and other changes has been observed. To understand why Arctic Alaska appears different, we draw on the literature on environmentally driven migration, focusing on three mechanisms that could account for the lack of response: attachment, the desire to remain in place, or the inability to relocate successfully; alternatives, ways to achieve similar outcomes through different means; and buffering, the reliance on subsidies or use of reserves to delay impacts. Each explanation has different implications for research and policy, indicating a need to further explore the relative contribution that each makes to a given situation in order to develop more effective responses locally and regionally. Given that the Arctic is on the front lines of climate change, these explanations are likely relevant to the ways changes play out in other parts of the world. Our review also underscores the importance of further attention to the details of social dynamics in climate change impacts and responses

    Should we turn the tent? Inuit women and climate change

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    Most of the climate change literature for Arctic Canada in the social sciences has focused on men’s knowledge and experiences. Drawing on research from Qikiqtarjuaq and Clyde River, Nunavut, we explore Inuit women’s perspectives on recent environmental changes, many of which are often attributed to climate change by Inuit or others. We divide issues resulting from environmental change into primary and secondary effects. Primary effects are changes in environmental features that affect, for example, hunting, fishing, and travelling. Secondary effects occur in the community as a result of environmental change. These include changes in the use and condition of country products like seal skins, and the psychological and social impact of environmental changes, such as going out on the land less often due to fear of dangerous conditions. We also offer a preliminary discussion on women’s role in responses to climate change, through their often dominant economic and political roles in their communities, the territory, and various wider global governance fora. Our research indicates that gender helps shape Inuit knowledge of environmental change, as well as social responses to perceptions of change. By examining women’s perceptions of environmental change, we draw attention to the social aspects and also highlight how women can contribute to adaptation, not only to physical changes but also to the resulting social changes.La majeure partie des publications en sciences sociales sur le changement climatique dans l’Arctique canadien a mis l’accent sur les connaissances et les expĂ©riences des hommes. En nous appuyant sur des recherches faites Ă  Qikiqtarjuaq et Clyde River, au Nunavut, nous explorons les perspectives des femmes inuit sur les rĂ©cents changements environnementaux, dont plusieurs sont souvent attribuĂ©s aux changements climatiques par les Inuit ou d'autres personnes. Nous sĂ©parons les enjeux rĂ©sultant des changements environnementaux en effets primaires et secondaires. Les effets primaires sont des changements environnementaux qui touchent, par exemple, la chasse, la pĂȘche et les voyages. Les effets secondaires se produisent dans la communautĂ© Ă  la suite des changements environnementaux. Ces derniers sont notamment des changements dans l'utilisation et l’état des produits dĂ©rivĂ©s de la chasse, comme les peaux de phoque, et l’impact psychologique et social des changements environnementaux, notamment la diminution des sorties en dehors de la communautĂ© en raison de la crainte de conditions dangereuses. Nous offrons Ă©galement une discussion prĂ©liminaire sur le rĂŽle des femmes dans les rĂ©ponses au changement climatique, Ă  travers leurs rĂŽles Ă©conomiques et politiques souvent dominants dans leurs communautĂ©s, sur le territoire, et par le biais de divers forums de gouvernance mondiale. Nos recherches indiquent que le sexe des individus joue un rĂŽle dans l’élaboration des connaissances des Inuit sur les changements environnementaux, ainsi que dans les rĂ©ponses sociales Ă  la perception du changement. L’examen des perceptions des femmes sur les changements environnementaux a attirĂ© notre attention sur les aspects sociaux de cet enjeu et met Ă©galement en Ă©vidence comment les femmes peuvent contribuer Ă  l’adaptation, non seulement Ă  des changements physiques, mais aussi aux changements sociaux qui en dĂ©coulent

    Integrating Traditional and Scientific Knowledge through Collaborative Natural Science Field Research: Identifying Elements for Success

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    We discuss two recent projects to examine the role of collaborative environmental fieldwork both in research and in the interactions between academically trained researchers and experienced local residents. The Bidarki Project studied black leather chitons (Katharina tunicata) in the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Its conclusion that chiton declines are part of a serial decline of intertidal invertebrates drew on collaborative fieldwork, archaeological data, historical records, and interviews with local residents. The Siku-Inuit-Hila Project studied sea ice in Barrow, Alaska; Clyde River, Nunavut; and Qaanaaq, Greenland. Quantitative data from locally maintained observation sites were supplemented by knowledge exchanges among hunters from the communities and by discussion in local working groups to develop an understanding of the physical dynamics and human uses of sea ice at each locale. We conclude that careful planning and preparation, along with the effort to build strong personal relationships, can increase the likelihood that collaborative fieldwork will be productive, enjoyable, and rewarding.Nous discutons de deux rĂ©cents projets ayant eu pour but d’examiner le rĂŽle d’études environnementales collaboratives sur le terrain, tant sur le plan de la recherche que sur le plan des interactions entre les chercheurs universitaires et les rĂ©sidents expĂ©rimentĂ©s des localitĂ©s visĂ©es. Le projet Bidarki se penchait sur les chitons noirs (Katharina tunicata) de la basse pĂ©ninsule Kenai, en Alaska. La conclusion selon laquelle le dĂ©clin des chitons fait partie d’un dĂ©clin en sĂ©rie d’invertĂ©brĂ©s intertidaux s’appuie sur des Ă©tudes collaboratives sur le terrain, sur des donnĂ©es archĂ©ologiques, sur des dossiers historiques ainsi que sur des entrevues de rĂ©sidents des localitĂ©s. Pour sa part, le projet Siku-Inuit-Hila a eu comme objectif d’étudier la glace de mer Ă  Barrow, en Alaska; Ă  Clyde River, au Nunavut; et Ă  Qaanaaq, au Groenland. Les donnĂ©es quantitatives provenant de lieux d’observation entretenus localement ont Ă©tĂ© supplĂ©mentĂ©es par les Ă©changes de connaissances des chasseurs des collectivitĂ©s et par les discussions de groupes de travail locaux visant Ă  mieux comprendre la dynamique physique et l’utilisation humaine de la glace de mer Ă  chaque endroit. Nous en concluons que des travaux de planification et de prĂ©paration attentionnĂ©s, accompagnĂ©s d’efforts visant Ă  nouer des liens personnels Ă©troits, peuvent accroĂźtre la possibilitĂ© que les Ă©tudes collaboratives sur le terrain soient productives, agrĂ©ables et valorisantes

    The Contributions of Community-Based Monitoring and Traditional Knowledge to Arctic Observing Networks: Reflections on the State of the Field

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    Community-based monitoring (CBM) in the Arctic is gaining increasing support from a wide range of interested parties, including community members, scientists, government agencies, and funders. Through CBM initiatives, Arctic residents conduct or are involved in ongoing observing and monitoring activities. Arctic Indigenous peoples have been observing the environment for millennia, and CBM often incorporates traditional knowledge, which may be used independently from or in partnership with conventional scientific monitoring methods. Drawing on insights from the first Arctic Observing Summit, we provide an overview of the state of CBM in the Arctic. The CBM approach to monitoring is centered on community needs and interests. It offers fine-grained, local-scale data that are readily accessible to community and municipal decision makers. In spite of these advantages, CBM initiatives remain little documented and are often unconnected to wider networks, with the result that many practitioners lack a clear sense of the field and how best to support its growth and development. CBM initiatives are implemented within legal and governance frameworks that vary significantly both within and among different national contexts. Further documentation of differences and similarities among Arctic communities in relation to observing needs, interests, and legal and institutional capacities will help assess how CBM can contribute to Arctic observing networks. While CBM holds significant potential to meet observing needs of communities, more investment and experimentation are needed to determine how observations and data generated through CBM approaches might effectively inform decision making beyond the community level.Dans l’Arctique, la surveillance communautaire (SC) reçoit un appui de plus en plus grand de la part de nombreuses parties intĂ©ressĂ©es, dont les membres de la communautĂ©, les scientifiques, les organismes gouvernementaux et les bailleurs de fonds. Dans le cadre des initiatives de SC, des habitants de l’Arctique effectuent des tĂąches permanentes d’observation et de surveillance ou participent Ă  de telles tĂąches. Les peuples indigĂšnes de l’Arctique observent l’environnement depuis des millĂ©naires. Souvent, la SC fait appel aux connaissances traditionnelles, connaissances qui peuvent ĂȘtre employĂ©es seules ou conjointement avec les mĂ©thodes classiques de surveillance scientifique. Nous nous sommes appuyĂ©s sur les connaissances dĂ©rivĂ©es du premier sommet d’observation de l’Arctique pour donner un aperçu de l’état de la SC dans l’Arctique. La mĂ©thode de SC est centrĂ©e sur les besoins et les intĂ©rĂȘts de la communautĂ©. Elle permet d’obtenir des donnĂ©es Ă  grain fin Ă  l’échelle locale, donnĂ©es qui sont facilement accessibles par la communautĂ© et les preneurs de dĂ©cisions municipaux. MalgrĂ© ces avantages, il existe peu de documentation au sujet des initiatives de SC et souvent, ces initiatives ne sont pas rattachĂ©es aux grands rĂ©seaux, ce qui fait que bien des intervenants ne comprennent pas clairement ce qui se passe sur le terrain et ne savent pas vraiment comment appuyer la croissance et le dĂ©veloppement de la surveillance communautaire. Les initiatives de SC respectent les cadres de rĂ©fĂ©rence nĂ©cessaires en matiĂšre de droit et de gouvernance, et ceux-ci varient considĂ©rablement au sein des contextes nationaux. L’enrichissement de la documentation en ce qui a trait aux diffĂ©rences et aux similitudes qui existent entre les communautĂ©s de l’Arctique en matiĂšre de besoins d’observation, d’intĂ©rĂȘts et de capacitĂ©s juridiques et institutionnelles aidera Ă  dĂ©terminer en quoi la SC pourra jouer un rĂŽle au sein des rĂ©seaux d’observation de l’Arctique. Bien que la SC ait la possibilitĂ© de jouer un rĂŽle important dans les besoins d’observation des communautĂ©s, il y a lieu de faire plus d’investissements et d’expĂ©riences pour dĂ©terminer comment les observations et les donnĂ©es dĂ©coulant des mĂ©thodes de SC pourront favoriser la prise de dĂ©cisions au-delĂ  des communautĂ©s

    Community-based adaptation research in the Canadian Arctic

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    Community-based adaptation (CBA) has emerged over the last decade as an approach to empowering communities to plan for and cope with the impacts of climate change. While such approaches have been widely advocated, few have critically examined the tensions and challenges that CBA brings. Responding to this gap, this article critically examines the use of CBA approaches with Inuit communities in Canada. We suggest that CBA holds significant promise to make adaptation research more democratic and responsive to local needs, providing a basis for developing locally appropriate adaptations based on local/indigenous and Western knowledge. Yet, we argue that CBA is not a panacea, and its common portrayal as such obscures its limitations, nuances, and challenges. Indeed, if uncritically adopted, CBA can potentially lead to maladaptation, may be inappropriate in some instances, can legitimize outside intervention and control, and may further marginalize communities. We identify responsibilities for researchers engaging in CBA work to manage these challenges, emphasizing the centrality of how knowledge is generated, the need for project flexibility and openness to change, and the importance of ensuring partnerships between researchers and communities are transparent. Researchers also need to be realistic about what CBA can achieve, and should not assume that research has a positive role to play in community adaptation just because it utilizes participatory approaches

    Operationalizing local ecological knowledge in climate change research : challenges and opportunities of citizen science

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    Current research on the local impacts of climate change is based on contrasting results from the simulation of historical trends in climatic variables produced with global models against climate data from independent observations. To date, these observations have mostly consisted of weather data from standardized meteorological stations. Given that the spatial distribution of weather stations is patchy, climate scientists have called for the exploration of new data sources. Knowledge developed by Indigenous Peoples and local communities with a long history of interaction with their environment has been proposed as a data source with untapped potential to contribute to our understanding of the local impacts of climate change. In this chapter, we discuss an approach that aims to bring insights from local knowledge systems to climate change research. First, we present a number of theoretical arguments that give support to the idea that local knowledge systems can contribute in original ways to the endeavors of climate change research. Then, we explore the potential of using information and communication technologies to gather and share local knowledge of climate change impacts. We do so through the examination of a citizen science initiative aiming to collect local indicators of climate change impacts: the LICCI project (www.licci.eu). Our findings illustrate that citizen science can inspire new approaches to articulate the inclusion of local knowledge systems in climate change research. However, this requires outlining careful approaches, with high ethical standards, toward knowledge validation and recognizing that there are aspects of local ecological knowledge that are incommensurable with scientific knowledge

    Patterns and Perceptions of Climate Change in a Biodiversity Conservation Hotspot

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    Quantifying local people's perceptions to climate change, and their assessments of which changes matter, is fundamental to addressing the dual challenge of land conservation and poverty alleviation in densely populated tropical regions To develop appropriate policies and responses, it will be important not only to anticipate the nature of expected changes, but also how they are perceived, interpreted and adapted to by local residents. The Albertine Rift region in East Africa is one of the world's most threatened biodiversity hotspots due to dense smallholder agriculture, high levels of land and resource pressures, and habitat loss and conversion. Results of three separate household surveys conducted in the vicinity of Kibale National Park during the late 2000s indicate that farmers are concerned with variable precipitation. Many survey respondents reported that conditions are drier and rainfall timing is becoming less predictable. Analysis of daily rainfall data for the climate normal period 1981 to 2010 indicates that total rainfall both within and across seasons has not changed significantly, although the timing and transitions of seasons has been highly variable. Results of rainfall data analysis also indicate significant changes in the intra-seasonal rainfall distribution, including longer dry periods within rainy seasons, which may contribute to the perceived decrease in rainfall and can compromise food security. Our results highlight the need for fine-scale climate information to assist agro-ecological communities in developing effective adaptive management
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