Environmental profile of green roof material in different locations in Spain: Life Cycle Assessment and optimization

The building construction industry consumes 40% of the materials entering the global economy and generates 40–50% of the global output of greenhouse gases and agents of acid rain. Thus, energy building consumption minimization became one of the basic principles of the European Environmental Legislation and Strategy. [1] Considering this, the benefits provided by green roofs appear to make them a good option. They reduce thermal fluctuation on the outer roof surface and increase thermal capacity; help to mitigate air pollution; reduce urban heat island effect and noise propagation; reduce runoff peaks of rainfall events; and increase biodiversity. [2-5] The use of green roofs has increased noticeably in recent years in many countries, but relevant up-to-date environmental data is needed to allow the environmental comparison of green roofs with conventional solutions. This will help us to assess their behaviour and analyse if, just because they have vegetation, we can call them “ecological roofs”. There are examples of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies of some construction materials, however no comprehensive Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) data for green roofs is available in the literature. The scope of the study is to deepen the knowledge of green roofs by studying the environmental profile of the materials used to build them, and how their adaptation to climatic conditions affects their environmental impact. To do so, LCA methodology has been used to study the environmental profile of the materials

Finding the best available techniques for an environmental sustainable waste management in the fish canned industry

This work proposes the use of the life cycle assessment (LCA) to identify the best available techniques (BAT) to the management of the residues generated in the anchovy canning sector. This industry generates huge amount of solid and liquid wastes, and their management is one of the hotspots of the canned anchovy life cycle. The application of BATs can improve the environmental performance of the canned anchovy. However, sometimes it is not clear which BAT is the most appropriated, and an environmental analysis is required. In this sense, several BATs are proposed based on the circular economy concept, which promotes the reutilisation of wastes and they were evaluated under a life cycle approach: (i) valorisation of the anchovy residues into fishmeal, fish oil and anchovy paste, (ii) incineration and (iii) disposal in a municipal solid waste landfill. The LCA was conducted from cradle to gate using the global warming (GW) indicator. The results showed that the disposal of the anchovy residues in a landfill was the least environmental-friendly option, while the valorisation was the best alternative.Authors thank to Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the project called GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R). Jara Laso also thanks to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the research fellowship BES-2014-069368

Introducing life cycle thinking to define best available techniques for products: Application to the anchovy canning industry

This study presents a method based on life cycle assessment to reduce and simplify the decision-making process and to identify the best available techniques of a product. This procedure facilitates the selection of a technical alternative from an environmental point of view and the reduction of emission levels and the consumption of energy and primary resources. This method comprises the following four steps: (i) the identification of the current techniques of a specific product, (ii) the application of a life cycle assessment to determine the hot spots, (iii) the proposal of the best available techniques and (iv) the development of a best available techniques reference document (step not implemented in our case study). The Cantabrian anchovy canning industry is selected as a case study due to the importance of this sector from economic, social and touristic points of view. An entire life cycle assessment of one can of anchovies in extra virgin olive oil is conducted. The results indicated that the hot spots of the life cycle were the production of aluminium cans (for packaging) and extra virgin olive oil and the management of the packaging waste. According to these results, the study proposes several improvements, such as packaging recycling and several best available techniques for the canned anchovy product.The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for their financial support via the project GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R) and to Julia Celaya for her technical support. Jara Laso thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for their financial support via the research fellowship BES2014-069368. Pere Fullana y Alba Bala thanks the UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change

Declaraciones ambientales de producto : instrumento para la mejora de productos /

Una Declaración Ambiental de Producto (DAP) es un tipo de ecoetiqueta que ofrece información cuantitativa neutra, basada en la metodología del Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV), sobre los impactos ambientales que ocasiona un producto a lo largo de su ciclo de vida. La DAP puede ser utilizada tanto por los fabricantes para mejorar sus productos, como por los compradores para hacer una selección informada de los mismos. Este potencial de la DAP para estimar la producción y consumo de productos ambientalmente más correctos, ha hecho que desde finales de los años 90 esté presente en diferentes políticas europeas, que hayan proliferado en todo el mundo programas para su desarrollo (especialmente en el sector de la construcción) y que organizaciones como ISO y CEN hayan y continúen trabajando intensamente en su normalización. Con el objetivo de averiguar si tanto la información declarada como el proceso de obtención de una DAP tienen un efecto positivo en el medio ambiente, se ha evaluado su estado de desarrollo, se ha ganado conocimiento práctico sobre su elaboración, se ha analizado su efectividad y, finalmente, se han identificado medidas para potenciar sus efectos positivos. A pesar de que no ha sido posible medir el efecto ambiental real que puede atribuirse exclusivamente a una DAP, el análisis de resultados intermedios y efectos indirectos relativos a fabricantes y compradores, permite concluir que efectivamente las DAP pueden ser útiles para reducir la huella ambiental de los productosAn Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a type of ecolabel which offers neutral quantitative information, based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, about the environmental impact generated by a product throughout its life cycle. EPDs can be used either by producers in order to improve their products, or by consumers to help them to make informed purchase decisions. Due to its potential to foster the production and consumption of environmentally friendlier products, EPDs have been present in different European policies since the 90s, different ecolabelling programs have been developed worldwide (especially in the construction sector), and organisations such as ISO and CEN have been intensively working on the standardisation of EPDs. In order to find out if both the declared information and the EPD development process itself have a positive effect on the environment, the following tasks have been undertaken: evaluation of EPD's current stage of development; gaining of practical knowledge about its preparation; assessment of its effectiveness and suggestion of measures to enhance its positive effects. Despite it not having been possible to measure the real environmental effect which could solely be attributed to EPDs, the assessment of intermediate results and indirect effects related to producers and professional purchasers, lead to the conclusion that EPDs are indeed useful in reducing the environmental footprint of products

Incorporating linear programing and life cycle thinking into environmental sustainability decision-making: a case study on anchovy canning industry

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool to support environmental informed decisions among product and process alternatives. LCA results reflect the process stage contributions to several environmental impacts, which should be made mutually comparable to help in the decision-making process. Aggregated environmental indexes enable the translation of this set of metrics into a one final score, by defining the attached weights to impacts. Weighting values reflect the corresponding relevance assigned to each environmental impact. Current weighing schemes are based on pre-articulation of preferences, without considering the specific features of the system under study. This paper presents a methodology that combines LCA methodology and linear programming optimisation to determine the environmental improvement actions that conduct to a more sustainable production. LCA was applied using the environmental sustainability assessment methodology to obtain two main indexes: natural resources (NR) and environmental burdens (EB). Normalised indexes were optimised to determine the optimal joint of weighting factors that lead to an optimised global Environmental Sustainability Index. The proposed methodology was applied to a food sector, in particular, to the anchovy canning industry in Cantabria Region (Northern Spain). By maximising the objective function composed of NR and EB variables, it is possible to find the optimal joint of weights that identify the best environmental sustainable options. This study proves that LCA can be applied in combination with linear programing tools as a part of the decision-making process in the development of more sustainable processes and products.Authors thank to Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the project GeSAC-Conserva (CTM2013-43539-R). Jara Laso also thanks to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for the financial support through the research fellowship BES-2014-069368

PROGRAMA de EPD’s: Declaraciones Ambientales de Producto para el sector de la construcción

El Colegio de Aparejadores y Arquitectos Técnicos de Barcelona (CAATB) impulsa un Programa voluntario de Declaración ambiental de productos de la construcción (EPD). Las Declaraciones, reconocidas como “Eco-etiquetas tipo III”, tienen como finalidad el obtener una información objetiva, comparable y contrastada del comportamiento ambiental de los materiales y sistemas constructivos y se basa en la evaluación global y multicriterios de los impactos medioambientales de un producto, utilizando el método de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida (ACV). Su aplicación permite a los técnicos la mejora ambiental de la construcción desde un buen conocimiento de los impactos de cada uno de los componentes y a los fabricantes la mejora de sus procesos de producción. En resumen, aportan una mayor transparencia en el mercado de los materiales de construcción.Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de Españ

Combined application of Life Cycle Assessment and linear programming to evaluate food waste-to-food strategies: Seeking for answers in the nexus approach

The great concern regarding food loss (FL) has been studied previously, but in an isolated way, disregarding interdependencies with other areas. This paper aims to go a step further by proposing a new procedure to assess different waste management alternatives based on the nexus approach by means of an integrated Water-Energy-Food-Climate Nexus Index (WEFCNI). The environmental profile of the waste management techniques is determined using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which, in combination with Linear Programming (LP), explores the optimal aggregation of weighting factors that lead to an aggregated nexus index. The management of residues from the anchovy canning industry in Cantabria (Spain) has been used as a case study, considering the three current applied alternatives: (i) valorisation of FL as animal feed in aquaculture (food waste-to-food approach), (ii) incineration of FL with energy recovery, and (iii) landfilling with biogas recovery. The last two considered the use of energy recovered to produce a new aquaculture product (food waste-to-energy-to-food scenarios). The results indicate that incineration is the best performing scenario when the nutritional energy provided by the valorisation alternative is not high enough and the valorisation technology presents the highest water consumption. Therefore, a minimisation in the consumption of natural resources is suggested in order to improve the application of circular economy within the sector. The use of the nexus index as an environmental management tool is extendable to any food system with the aim of facilitating the decision-making process in the development of more sustainable products.The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for its financial support via the project GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R) and to Julia Celaya for her technical support. Jara Laso thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for its financial support via the research fellowship BES-2014-069368. Pere Fullana and Alba Bala thank the UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change. Ian Vázquez-Rowe thanks the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú for financing the Walaya Project

When product diversification influences life cycle impact assessment: A case study of canned anchovy

The anchovy canning industry is one of the most important economic resources of the Cantabria region in Spain. However, environmental, economic and social problems over the past years have forced companies to apply marketing strategies, develop product diversification, create new products and introduce them in new “green markets”. Launching Cantabrian canned anchovies into more sustainable markets requires measuring the environmental performance using Product Category Rules (PCRs) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). EPDs and PCRS include the environmental profile of a range of similar products, such as all of the available canned anchovy products. The great variety of anchovy canned products depends on three process variables: the origin of the anchovy (Cantabria, Argentina and Chile or Peru), the type of oil (refined olive oil, extra virgin olive oil and sunflower oil) and the packaging (aluminum, tinplate, glass and plastic). This work aims to assess the environmental impact from cradle to grave of canned anchovies in oil using the life cycle assessment methodology (LCA). Moreover, the paper evaluates the influence of the above-mentioned three product variables in the LCA results. The results show that out of all of the alternatives, Chilean and Peruvian anchovies have the highest environmental burdens due to the transportation by ship. The production of anchovies in sunflower oil is a less environmentally friendly oil process due to the low yield per hectare of sunflower cultivation. Finally, the use of aluminum as the packaging material has the largest environmental impact out of almost all of the impact categories. Moreover, because the LCA results can be significantly affected by the allocation procedure, a sensitivity analysis comparing system expansion, mass and economic allocation is performed. In this case, the system expansion approach presents the highest environmental impacts followed by the mass allocation.The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for the financial support through the project called GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R) and Julia Celaya for technical support. Jara Laso also thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for the financial support through the research fellowship BES-2014-069368

Introducing the Green Protein Footprint method as an understandable measure of the environmental cost of anchovy consumption

In a global framework of growing concern for food security and environmental protection, the selection of food products with higher protein content and lower environmental impact is a challenge. To assess the reliability of different strategies along the food supply chain, a measure of food cost through the environmental impact-protein content binomial is necessary. This study proposes a standardized method to calculate the Green Protein Footprint (GPF) index, a method that assesses both the environmental impact of a food product and its protein content provided to consumers. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was used to calculate the environmental impact of the selected food products, and a Life Cycle Protein Assessment (LCPA) was performed by accounting for the protein content along the supply chain. Although the GPF can be applied to all food chain products, this paper is focused on European anchovy-based products for indirect human consumption (fishmeal) and for direct human consumption (fresh, salted and canned anchovies). Moreover, the circular economy concept was applied considering the valorization of the anchovy residues generated during the canning process. These residues were used to produce fishmeal, which was employed in bass aquaculture. Hence, humans are finally consuming fish protein from the residues, closing the loop of the original product life cycle. More elaborated, multi-ingredient food products (salted and canned anchovy products), presented higher GPF values due to higher environmental impacts. Furthermore, the increase of food loss throughout their life cycle caused a decrease in the protein content. Regarding salted and canned products, the packaging was the main hotspot. The influence of the packaging was evaluated using the GPF, reaffirming that plastic was the best alternative. These results highlighted the importance of improving packaging materials in food products.The authors thank the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government for their financial support via the projects GeSAC-Conserva: Sustainable Management of the Cantabrian Anchovies (CTM2013-43539-R) and CERES_Project: Food Production strategies for climate change mitigation: towards a food circular economy (CTM 2016-76176-C2-1-R). Authors thank Julia Celaya for her technical support. Jara Laso thanks the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spanish Government for their financial support via the research fellowship BES-2014-069368