State of the California current 2012-13: No such thing as an “average” year

This report reviews the state of the California Current System (CCS) between winter 2012 and spring 2013, and includes observations from Washington State to Baja California. During 2012, large-scale climate modes indicated the CCS remained in a cool, productive phase present since 2007. The upwelling season was delayed north of 42°N, but regions to the south, especially 33° to 36°N, experienced average to above average upwelling that persisted throughout the summer. Contrary to the indication of high production suggested by the climate indices, chlorophyll observed from surveys and remote sensing was below average along much of the coast. As well, some members of the forage assemblages along the coast experienced low abundances in 2012 surveys. Specifically, the concentrations of all lifestages observed directly or from egg densities of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, and northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, were less than previous years’ survey estimates. However, 2013 surveys and observations indicate an increase in abundance of northern anchovy. During winter 2011/2012, the increased presence of northern copepod species off northern California was consistent with stronger southward transport. Krill and small-fraction zooplankton abundances, where examined, were generally above average. North of 42°N, salps returned to typical abundances in 2012 after greater observed concentrations in 2010 and 2011. In contrast, salp abundance off central and southern California increased after a period of southward transport during winter 2011/2012. Reproductive success of piscivorous Brandt’s cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, was reduced while planktivorous Cassin’s auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus was elevated. Differences between the productivity of these two seabirds may be related to the available forage assemblage observed in the surveys. California sea lion pups from San Miguel Island were undernourished resulting in a pup mortality event perhaps in response to changes in forage availability. Limited biological data were available for spring 2013, but strong winter upwelling coastwide indicated an early spring transition, with the strong upwelling persisting into early summer

The Role of Purported Mucoprotectants in Dealing with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Functional Diarrhea, and Other Chronic Diarrheal Disorders in Adults

Chronic diarrhea is a frequent presenting symptom, both in primary care medicine and in specialized gastroenterology units. It is estimated that more than 5% of the global population suffers from chronic diarrhea. and that about 40% of these subjects are older than 60 years. The clinician is frequently faced with the need to decide which is the best therapeutic approach for these patients. While the origin of chronic diarrhea is diverse, impairment of intestinal barrier function, dysbiosis. and mucosal micro-inflammation are being increasingly recognized as underlying phenomena characterizing a variety of chronic diarrheal diseases. In addition to current pharmacological therapies, there is growing interest in alternative products such as mucoprotectants, which form a mucoadhesive film over the epithelium to reduce and protect against the development of altered intestinal permeability, dysbiosis, and mucosal micro-inflammation. This manuscript focuses on chronic diarrhea in adults, and we will review recent evidence on the ability of these natural compounds to improve symptoms associated with chronic diarrhea and to exert protective effects for the intestinal barrier

State of the California Current 2014-15: Impacts of the Warm-Water "Blob"

In 2014, the California Current (~28˚–48˚N) saw average, or below average, coastal upwelling and relatively low productivity in most locations, except from 38˚–43˚N during June and July. Chlorophyll-a levels were low throughout spring and summer at most locations, except in a small region around 39˚N. Catches of juvenile rockfish (an indicator of upwelling-related fish species) remained high throughout the area surveyed (32˚–43˚N). In the fall of 2014, as upwelling ceased, many locations saw an unprecedented increase in sea surface temperatures (anomalies as large as 4˚C), particularly at 45˚N due to the coastal intrusion of an extremely anomalous pool of warm water. This warm surface anomaly had been building offshore in the Gulf of Alaska since the fall of 2013, and has been referred to as the “blob.” Values of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO) continued to climb during 2014, indicative of the increase in warm coastal surface waters, whereas the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation index (NPGO) saw a slight rebound to more neutral values (indicative of average productivity levels) during 2014. During spring 2015, the upwelling index was slightly higher than average for locations in the central and northern region, but remained below average at latitudes south of 35˚N. Chlorophyll a levels were slightly higher than average in ~0.5˚ latitude patches north of 35˚N, whereas productivity and phytoplankton biomass were low south of Pt. Conception. Catches of rockfish remained high along most of the coast, however, market squid remained high only within the central coast (36˚–38˚N), and euphausiid abundance decreased everywhere, as compared to the previous year. Sardine and anchovy were nearly absent from the southern portion of the California Current system (CCS), whereas their larvae were found off the coast of Oregon and Washington during winter for the first time in many years. Waters warmed dramatically in the southern California region due to a change in wind patterns similar to that giving rise to the blob in the broader northeast Pacific. For most of the coast, there were intrusions of species never found before or found at much higher abundances than usual, including fish, crustaceans, tunicates and other gelatinous zooplankton, along with other species often indicative of an El Niño. Thus species richness was high in many areas given the close juxtaposition of coastal upwelling-related species with the offshore warm-water intrusive or El Niño-typical taxa. Thus the California Current by 2015 appears to have transitioned to a very different state than previous observations

Consenso Mexicano para el Tratamiento de la Hepatitis C

El objetivo del Consenso Mexicano para el Tratamiento de la Hepatitis C fue el de desarrollar un documento como guía en la práctica clínica con aplicabilidad en México. Se tomó en cuenta la opinión de expertos en el tema con especialidad en: gastroenterología, infectología y hepatología. Se realizó una revisión de la bibliografía en MEDLINE, EMBASE y CENTRAL mediante palabras claves referentes al tratamiento de la hepatitis C. Posteriormente se evaluó la calidad de la evidencia mediante el sistema GRADE y se redactaron enunciados, los cuales fueron sometidos a voto mediante un sistema modificado Delphi, y posteriormente se realizó revisión y corrección de los enunciados por un panel de 34 votantes. Finalmente se clasificó el nivel de acuerdo para cada oración. Esta guía busca dar recomendaciones con énfasis en los nuevos antivirales de acción directa y de esta manera facilitar su uso en la práctica clínica. Cada caso debe ser individualizado según sus comorbilidades y el manejo de estos pacientes siempre debe ser multidisciplinario. Abstract The aim of the Mexican Consensus on the Treatment of Hepatitis C was to develop clinical practice guidelines applicable to Mexico. The expert opinion of specialists in the following areas was taken into account: gastroenterology, infectious diseases, and hepatology. A search of the medical literature was carried out on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases through keywords related to hepatitis C treatment. The quality of evidence was subsequently evaluated using the GRADE system and the consensus statements were formulated. The statements were then voted upon, using the modified Delphi system, and reviewed and corrected by a panel of 34 voting participants. Finally, the level of agreement was classified for each statement. The present guidelines provide recommendations with an emphasis on the new direct-acting antivirals, to facilitate their use in clinical practice. Each case must be individualized according to the comorbidities involved and patient management must always be multidisciplinary

State of the California Current 2012–13: No Such Thing as an "Average" Year

This report reviews the state of the California Current System (CCS) between winter 2012 and spring 2013, and includes observations from Washington State to Baja California. During 2012, large-scale climate modes indicated the CCS remained in a cool, productive phase present since 2007. The upwelling season was delayed north of 42˚N, but regions to the south, especially 33˚ to 36˚N, experienced average to above average upwelling that persisted throughout the summer. Contrary to the indication of high production suggested by the climate indices, chlorophyll observed from surveys and remote sensing was below average along much of the coast. As well, some members of the forage assemblages along the coast experienced low abundances in 2012 surveys. Specifically, the concentrations of all lifestages observed directly or from egg densities of Pacific sardine, Sardinops sagax, and northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax, were less than previous years’ survey estimates. However, 2013 surveys and observations indicate an increase in abundance of northern anchovy. During winter 2011/2012, the increased presence of northern copepod species off northern California was consistent with stronger southward transport. Krill and small-fraction zooplankton abundances, where examined, were generally above average. North of 42˚N, salps returned to typical abundances in 2012 after greater observed concentrations in 2010 and 2011. In contrast, salp abundance off central and southern California increased after a period of southward transport during winter 2011/2012. Reproductive success of piscivorous Brandt’s cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus, was reduced while planktivorous Cassin’s auklet, Ptychoramphus aleuticus was elevated. Differences between the productivity of these two seabirds may be related to the available forage assemblage observed in the surveys. California sea lion pups from San Miguel Island were undernourished resulting in a pup mortality event perhaps in response to changes in forage availability. Limited biological data were available for spring 2013, but strong winter upwelling coastwide indicated an early spring transition, with the strong upwelling persisting into early summer

Influence of the geostrophic transport of phosphates on primary production off Baja California (Mexico)

We estimated the net flux of inorganic phosphorus (kg P d–1) due to geostrophic transport in the upper 100 m of a control volume (CV) off Baja California (Mexico) during 2003 and 2004. The influence of this flux on integrated primary production (IPP) in the photic zone (less than 100 m depth) was estimated comparing the net P flux into the CV against the P requirements for IPP. The greatest P fluxes occurred during spring and summer 2004; the northern side of the CV was the main recipient of P. The most persistent P outflow occurred along the southern side of the CV, except in winter 2003, when there was an input of P fluxes related to cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies off Ensenada. The net geostrophic transport during 2003 and 2004 contributed enough P to support the IPP requirements during winter and spring, indicating that P was not limiting for phytoplankton organic carbon production during these seasons.

Primary productivity in the Gulf of California, calculated from the relationship between superficial irradiance and chlorophyll in the euphotic zone

The vertical distribution of chlorophyll a in the Gulf of California during the spring of 1992 showed a subsurface maxima between 10 and 50 m of depth. The average surface chlorophyll concentration was 0.71 mg m–3. It was linearly related to the integrated chlorophyll of the euphotic zone (r2 = 0.3 1, p < 0.001) and in the first optical depth (r2 = 0.56, p < 0.00l), estimated from a spectral model. The highest values of the integrated chlorophyll of the euphotic zone were found at the region of the large islands (62.76 mg m–2). The calculated values of integrated chlorophyll and incident irradiance were used to estimate primary productivity in the water column of the Gulf of California, throughout the parameter Ψ*. The predictions obtained with different values of this parameter were compared with measurements of primary productivity made in situ with the 14C method and estimated with natural fluorescente. Productivity increased to the north, reaching maximum values at the large islands region. Ψ*p = 0.039 + 0.017 m2 (gCla)–1 is proposed for spring in the Gulf of California

Relationship between surface chlorophyll and chlorophyll in the euphotic zone of the Gulf of California: possible application to estimate primary production with data obtained by remote sensors

The vertical distribution of pigments (chlorophyll a) in the study area showed maximum surface chlorophyll to the north of line 240, subsurface and deep chlorophyll maxima to the South of line 320 and both kinds of distribution between lines 240 and 320. Surface chlorophyll was positively correlated with integrated chlorophyll within the euphotic zone (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). We found a higher linear correlation between the chlorophyll concentration presumably measured by remote sensing and the integrated chlorophyll (r = 0.79, p < 0.001). The estimation of integrated chlorophyll in the euphotic zone from surface chlorophyll was complicated because of the variability of the vertical profiles of pigments for this season. Therefore, we propose a mean normalized profile of pigments for the use of primary production models based on light and phytoplankton biomass. From the mean normalized chlorophyll profile, during winter the Gulf of California can be classified as a mesotrophic region, with a not very prominent subsurface chlorophyll maximun

[Perforation of surgical gloves during cesarean section]

We carried out a prospective study with the object of knowing the frequency of surgical gloves perforation during cesarean section, the member of the surgical team with a major affection and the double gloves importance. We analysed 258 C. section practiced in the Tocosurgery's Service at "Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara" from September 1993 to January 1994. We used 1052 glove's pairs and we detected 118 perforated pairs (11.2%). The gloves were perforated in one time 60.1%, in two times 26.2%, in three times 6.8%, in four times 1.7% and five times 5.2%. On the other hand, in the he perforated gloves, 74% were simple gloves, while in 26% were double gloves, but only the external glove was perforated. The member of the surgical team with major affectation was the Surgeon with 83%, next the assistant in 13.5% and for last the instrumentist in 3.5%. The left hand was more affected that the right hand. The glove perforations more frequently was done for needle and after for instruments. We concluded that the use of double gloves is correct for a major protection, besides that the C. section must be carefully practiced