As Concepções de Educação Física no Ocidente

A valorização do projecto educativo formal (intencional) sofreu no ocidente algumas transformações, notando-se muito cedo, e apesar da visão dualista sempre marcante, preocupações profundas com a formação integral do Homem. No entanto, o dualismo equilibrado Helénico teve condições históricas para se tornar em dualismo reducionista até à Idade Média, marcando significativamente, e no Renascimento, o início das abordagens científicas ao estudo da motricidade humana. O aprofundamento de áreas como a Educação Física (ginástica) e o Desporto moderno surgem, pois, num período conceptual em que de uma análise empírica e higiénico-terapêutica se vai passando a uma análise mais científica, inicialmente baseada na mecânica e na anatomia, e, à medida que se vão desenrolando os estudos médicos, na fisiologia geral e muscular. Este percurso emerge de uma episteme que gerava aquilo que hoje se costuma denominar como paradigma da modernidade e que, no âmbito da motricidade humana Manuel SÉRGIO (1989) denomina como paradigma cartesiano. A dicotomização corpo-espírito com desvalorização cultural do corpo e o desenvolvimento da ciência espartilhante face ao renascimento de uma visão limitada do conhecimento (conhecimento científico), envolvem movimentos recentes na sua contradição. É nesta transição de paradigma dominante que emerge o desenvolvimento da EF na escolaridade obrigatória

Brazil: Oil and uncertainty

Oil spill disasters in the ocean often devastate marine and coastal ecosystems, profoundly affecting fisheries resources and fishing communities. Urgent and early-warning actions are needed to avoid a tragedy in biomes and communities when such accidents occur. In late-July 2019, Brazilian fishers alerted the first oil slick reaching the coast of Paraíba, weeks before the recognition of the biggest-ever oil spill disaster ever recorded in Brazil, extending across the entire North-eastern coast of the country. Their early voices were not properly heeded but those signals escalated into a gigantic spread of petroleum slicks. Almost 1,000 different localities were affected, including beaches, mangroves, rivers and “protected” areas. All the nine states of the region, encompassing a 2,300-km long shoreline, switched on a red light

Market incentives for shark fisheries

Fishers tend to prioritize landings of the most valuable product to better utilize vessel capacity. This may lead to discards of catches that are economically undesirable or legally prohibited. The high-value of shark fins and the low-value of shark carcasses has traditionally led to an example of that practice, known as finning. Brazil is an important player in the trade for non-fin shark products. The recent increase in shark meat trade is associated with increased imports of shark meat in Brazil. This increase may be a consequence of stricter finning regulations that has created incentives for full utilization of sharks and exposed the resource to a new source of demand. Thus, sharks overexploitation may increase, even if demand for fins weakens over time. This paper investigates the shark meat market development in Brazil over the last decades using demand and cointegration analysis, with a focus on before and after implementation of finning restrictions in 1998. Results indicate that shark meat is not a new market in Brazil, but an old one driven by a particular interest from local consumers. The decline in domestic shark meat landings, increasing demand for seafood, and the commoditization of shark meat have facilitated import growth. Additionally, domestic prices seem to influence imports most likely because Brazil is an important player as a shark meat consumer. This means that even with the global shark fin market weakening, the Brazilian demand for shark meat is likely to contribute to the overexploitation of sharks in poorly managed fisheries.publishedVersio

Reproductive activity of the tropical arrow squid Doryteuthis pleiaround São Sebastião Island (SE Brazil) based on a 10-year fisheries monitoring

Monthly samples of Doryteuthis plei were obtained from the small-scale hand-jigging fishery aroundSão Sebastião Island (24◦S), Brazil, across seven fishing seasons (November–April) during the period2002–2012, with the aim of identifying the exploited population patterns with emphasis on thereproductive activity. In order to explore the process of development of reproductive organs, the size-at-maturity, and the spatial–temporal factors explaining maturation, an analysis of the sex-ratio, maturity,gonado-somatic index (GSI), concentration of spermatophores, biometric relationships, and two GAMLSS(Generalized Additive Model for Location Scale and Shape) was applied. D. plei recruited to local fisheriesat around 161 mm mantle length (ML), males being, on average, 1.6 times larger than females. Femalesappeared more frequently during the first three months of the fishing season while males tended to bemore frequent at the end of the season, confirming the existence of female post-spawning mortality. Thepresence of high proportions of mature squid was found throughout the fishing seasons for both sexes.The size-at-maturity was estimated at 143.3 mm ML in females, and 210 mm ML, in males. Both sta-tistical models indicated robust non-linear correlation between gonad weight, biometric variables, andspatial–temporal factors (p < 0.001). Ovary weight mostly correlated with accessory glands weight, whiletestis weight correlated with ML. In both sexes, depth was found to be a significant variable explainingmaturation, with higher gonads weight between 15 m and 20 m, and especially in the island’s South andSoutheastern areas. Statistical models also evidenced a significant peak of gonad weight in February andMarch, for females, and in March, for males. Inter-annual variation showed a peak of gonad weight inthe fishing season 2011–2012. Overall, findings based on long-term monitoring should assist resourcemanagement (e.g. for seasonal, size, and spawning area protection) which seems potentially valuable forlong-term sustainability of local fishing communities

Comparative study of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (Scombridae) fishery stocks from the South Atlantic and western Indian oceans

Temporal and spatial fluctuations in the abundance of oceanic pelagic populations spread geographically around the globe are common (Cushing 1975). The causes of these fluctuations may be exogenous (environmental or anthropogenic) or endogenous to the organism (e.g. ontogenetic drivers) (Ricker 1954). This scenario applies to some tuna stocks, including the skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758), known as bonito-listrado in Brazil, katunkel, or ocean bonito in South Africa, and godhaa (bigger) or kadumas (smaller) skipjack in the Maldives. The skipjack belongs to the family Scombridae and inhabits tropical and subtropical areas of the globe. On average, 85% of skipjack catch occurs in waters warmer than 24°C (Fonteneau 2003). This resource is of particular importance, accounting for 57% of the global industrial tuna catch in 2016, and is mainly processed by the canning industry. Skipjack catches totaled 2.79 million t in 2016 (ISSF 2018), and currently 8.5% of worldwide catches are made by the pole-and line fleet. In Brazil and the Maldives, the resource is well-known. Catches in Brazil were seen to increase until 2014, while in the Maldives, 2006 marked the beginning of a strong and unsettling decline that continued until recent years. Off South Africa, skipjack catches are 1000 to 10000 times lower than those from Brazil and the Maldives, and the highest catches were recorded in 2012

Global Understanding and Learning for Local Solutions: Reducing vulnerability of marine-dependent coastal communities (GULLS)- Belmont Forum Initiative on Collaborative Research Actions

The project ‘Global learning for local solutions: Reducing vulnerability of marine-dependent coastal communities’ or GULLS, is an international project within the Belmont Forum and G8 Research Councils Initiative on Multilateral Research Funding. The project has been investigating five regional ‘hotspots’ of climate and social change, defined as fast-warming marine areas and areas experiencing social tensions as a result of change: south-east Australia, Brazil, India, South Africa, and the Mozambique Channel and Madagascar. It has focused on contributing to reducing the vulnerability of coastal communi-ties and other stakeholders dependent on marine resources to adapt to climate change and variability through an integrated and trans-disciplinary approach. It includes partici-pants from Australia, Brazil, India, Madagascar, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The research programme has been divided into five inter-linked components: ocean and climate change models, species vulnerability, social as-pects, system modelling, governance, and communication and education

Slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) off the southeastern coast of Brazil: relative growth, population structure, and reproductive biology

The hooded slipper lobster (Scyllarides deceptor) and Brazilian\ud slipper lobster (S. brasiliensis) are commonly caught by fishing fleets (with double-trawling and longline pots and traps) off the southeastern coast of Brazil. Their reproductive biology is poorly known and research on these 2 species would benefit efforts in resource management. This study characterized the population structure of these exploited species on the basis of sampling from May 2006 to April 2007 off the coast of Santos, Brazil. Data for the absolute fecundity, size at maturity in females, reproductive period, and morphometric relationships of the dominant species, the hooded slipper lobster, are presented. Significant differential growth was not observed between juveniles and adults of each sex, although there was a small investment of energy in the width and length of the abdomen in females and in the carapace length for males in larger animals (>25 cm in total length [TL]). Ovigerous females were caught more frequently in shallow waters in August–September than in January–February, indicating a possible migration to spawn. Fecundity ranged from 55,800 to 184,200 eggs (mean fecundity: 115,000 [standard deviation 43,938] eggs). The spawning period occurred twice a year, with a higher relative frequency between July and October, and the length at 50% maturity for females was ~25 cm TL; both these findings should be considered by resource managers. Proper management of catches of slipper lobsters is important because of the high economic value of this fishery

An integrated framework for assessing coastal community vulnerability across cultures, oceans and scales

Coastal communities are some of the most at-risk populations with respect to climate change impacts. It is therefore important to determine the vulnerability of such communities to co-develop viable adaptation options. Global efforts to address this issue include international scientific projects, such as Global Learning for Local Solutions (GULLS), which focuses on five fast warming regions of the southern hemisphere and aims to provide an understanding of the local scale processes influencing community vulnerability that can then be up-scaled to regional, country and global levels. This paper describes the development of a new social and ecological vulnerability framework which integrates exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity with the social livelihoods and food security approaches. It also measures community flexibility to understand better the adaptive capacity of different levels of community organization. The translation of the conceptual framework to an implementable method is described and its application in a number of “hotspot” countries, where ocean waters are warming faster than the rest of the world, is presented. Opportunities for cross-cultural comparisons to uncover similarities and differences in vulnerability and adaptation patterns among the study’s coastal communities, which can provide accelerated learning mechanisms to other coastal regions, are highlighted. The social and ecological framework and the associated survey approach allow for future integration of local-level vulnerability data with ecological and oceanographic models

Integrated ecosystem assessment around islands of the tropical South Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The South Mid Atlantic Ridge comprises three main oceanic islands in the equatorial and tropical portions of the Atlantic Ocean. These islands are isolated from each other and equidistant from both the continental margins of South America and Africa, sharing common patterns but with different types of human use and pressures. Moreover, the areas beyond national jurisdiction between those islands are visited and exploited by distant fishing fleets and include large areas of shipping activity for commodities. Here, a pioneering integrated ecosystem assessment (IEA) process is constructed for the region among Saint Peter and Saint Paul’s Archipelago (Brazil), Saint Helena Island and Ascension Island (UK overseas territories). For that, we used a qualitative assessment of risks arising from anthropogenic activities, representing a novel contribution to the field. The Options for Delivering Ecosystem-Based Marine Management (ODEMM) approach was applied to trace sector–pressure–component pathways. A ‘linkage framework’ was outlined including pressures affecting each ecosystem component, and supported a process of knowledge attributions that scored the impact risks. All results were validated with regional stakeholders through workshops, including local and international management bodies, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and scientists. The approach focused on a significant area among encompassing the open ocean, shallow and deep-sea biomes, analyzing the main sectors and pressures affecting the ecological components. Our results identified 14 sectors and 16 key pressures associated with 23 ecosystem components, totaling 780 impact chains. Fishing, shipping, wastewater, and tourism/recreation appeared as the top impacting sectors. Fishing and shipping were the most connected with ecosystem components links. Litter, species extraction, contaminants, and bycatch were the pressures that had the highest risk of impact values. Lastly, demersal and pelagic fish and pelagic and demersal elasmobranchs were the groups with the highest risk related to overall impacts, which were supported by local and regional evidence from long term monitoring programs and local studies. Our study demonstrated that these seemingly pristine islands and oceanic waters are already experiencing human impacts that should be addressed by local both conservation measures and international agreements. We also highlight the pressures that should be prioritized for better monitoring and policy, as well as those linkage components that have been less investigated

From global to regional and back again: common climate stressors of marine ecosystems relevant for adaptation across five ocean warming hotspots

Ocean warming ‘hotspots’ are regions characterized by above-average temperature increases over recent years, for which there are significant consequences for both living marine resources and the societies that depend on them. As such, they represent early warning systems for understanding the impacts of marine climate change, and test-beds for developing adaptation options for coping with those impacts. Here, we examine five hotspots off the coasts of eastern Australia, South Africa, Madagascar, India and Brazil. These particular hotspots have underpinned a large international partnership that is working towards improving community adaptation by characterizing, assessing and projecting the likely future of coastal-marine food resources through the provision and sharing of knowledge. To inform this effort, we employ a high-resolution global ocean model forced by Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 and simulated to year 2099. In addition to the sea surface temperature, we analyse projected stratification, nutrient supply, primary production, anthropogenic CO2-driven ocean acidification, deoxygenation and ocean circulation. Our simulation finds that the temperature-defined hotspots studied here will continue to experience warming but, with the exception of eastern Australia, may not remain the fastest warming ocean areas over the next century as the strongest warming is projected to occur in the subpolar and polar areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Additionally, we find that recent rapid change in SST is not necessarily an indicator that these areas are also hotspots of the other climatic stressors examined. However, a consistent facet of the hotspots studied here is that they are all strongly influenced by ocean circulation, which has already shown changes in the recent past and is projected to undergo further strong change into the future. In addition to the fast warming, change in local ocean circulation represents a distinct feature of present and future climate change impacting marine ecosystems in these areas