“Time stagnates here”: Transgenerational Trauma in Emily Brontë’s "Wuthering Heights".

AbstractThe aim of this dissertation is to analyze the existence of transgenerational trauma in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847). Such analysis will be carried out within the framework of Trauma Studies in the expectation of offering a new perspective to this classical novel. To do so, this dissertation is divided into two parts: the first one starts by examining the impact of domestic violence on Heathcliff as well as his unsuccessful attempts to integrate the traumatic experiences in his life. It is this lack of a healthy processing of trauma that makes him turn into the perpetrator of violence in the second generation. The first part also identifies the indicators of transgenerational trauma already present in the Earnshaw family, as to prove that trauma was present even before Heathcliff’s arrival. The second part focuses on the second generation and draws a comparison between Heathcliff and Hareton’s similar abusive behaviors in order to explore the effects of Heathcliff’s violence in Hareton. This section also explores characters like Nelly, Edgar and Catherine Linton and their decisive role in the interruption of the transgenerational repetition of trauma. In fact, it is Catherine —thanks to her healthy upbringing by Edgar and Nelly— the one who increases Hareton’s chances of ceasing the cyclic repetition of violence in the Heights, resulting ultimately in a healthier notion of the family.Key words: Trauma Studies, transgenerational trauma, domestic violence, abuse, education.Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo de fin de grado es analizar la existencia de trauma transgeneracional en la obra Cumbres Borrascosas (1847) de Emily Brontë. Dicho análisis se llevará a cabo dentro del marco teórico de los Estudios de Trauma con la esperanza de ofrecer una nueva perspectiva de este clásico. Para conseguir tal fin, el trabajo está dividido en dos partes: la primera examina el impacto de la violencia doméstica en Heathcliff, así como sus intentos fallidos por integrar las experiencias traumáticas en su vida. Es esta falta de un procesamiento sano de sus traumas lo que le lleva a convertirse en el perpetrador de violencia en la segunda generación. La primera parte también identifica los indicadores de trauma transgeneracional ya existentes en la familia Earnshaw con la intención de demostrar que el trauma ya estaba presente incluso antes de que Heathcliff llegara. La segunda parte se centra en la segunda generación y realiza una comparación entre los comportamientos abusivos de Heathcliff y Hareton, que resultan ser similares, para así examinar los efectos que tiene la violencia de Heathcliff en Hareton. Esta sección también explora los personajes de Nelly, Edgar y Catherine Linton al igual que su rol decisivo en la interrupción de la repetición del trauma transgeneracional. De hecho, es Catherine, gracias a la educación positiva que le brindan Edgar y Nelly, la que aumenta las posibilidades de Hareton de romper con la repetición de violencia cíclica en la novela, lo cual tiene finalmente como resultado una concepción mucho más sana de la familia.Palabras clave: Estudios de Trauma, trauma transgeneracional, violencia doméstica, abuso, educación. <br /

Water footprint and virtual water trade: the birth and growth of a new research field in Spain

The growth in the number of studies applying and expanding the concepts of the water footprint and virtual water trade in Spain has generated a wealth of lessons and reflections about the scarcity, allocation, productive use, and management of water from the viewpoint of a semi-arid country. This paper reviews the evolution of this research field in Spain since its introduction in 2005 and reflects on its main contributions and issues of debate. It shows how these concepts can be useful tools for integrated water accounting and raising awareness, when used with certain precautions: (1) Supply-chain thinking, taking into account value chains and the implications of trade, generally ignored in water management, can help to address water scarcity issues and sustainable water use. (2) Green water accounting incorporates land use and soil management, which greatly influences hydrological functioning. (3) The grey water footprint indicator analyzes pollution from an ecosystem point of view and facilitates the understanding of the water quantity and quality relationship. (4) Apparent water productivity analysis, innovatively incorporated into Spanish studies, considers the economic and social aspects associated with water use. However, the decision-making context should be broader, contextualizing and complementing water information with other indicators.This research was carried out with the support of Obra Social La Caixa and the Caja Navarra Foundation (Spain) talent grant

The water footprint of olives and olive oil in Spain

This paper evaluates the water footprint of Spanish olives and olive oil over the period 1997-2008. In particular, it analyses the three colour components of the water footprint: green (rainwater stored in the soil), blue (surface and groundwater) and grey (freshwater required to assimilate load of pollutants). Apparent water productivity and virtual water embedded in olive oil exports have also been studied. Results show more than 99.5% of the water footprint of one liter of bottled olive oil is related to the olive production, whereas less than 0.5% is due to the other components such as bottle, cap and label. Over the studied period, the green water footprint in absolute terms of Spanish olive oil production represents about 72% in rainfed systems and just 12% in irrigated olive orchards. Blue and grey water footprints represent 6% and 10% of the national water footprint, respectively. It is shown that olive production is concentrated in regions with the smallest water footprint per unit of product. However, the increase of groundwater consumption in the main olive producing region (Andalusia), from 98 to 378 Mm3 between 1997 and 2008, has added significant pressure in the upstream Guadalquivir basin. This raises questions about the sustainability of irrigated olive orchards for export from the region. Finally, the virtual water related to olive oil exports illustrate the importance of green water footprint of rainfed olives amounting to about 77% of the total virtual water exports

A water footprint assessment of a pair of jeans: the influence of agricultural policies on the sustainability of consumer products.

This study reports the results of a water footprint (WF) assessment of five types of textiles commonly used for the production of jeans, including two different fibres (cotton and Lyocell fibre) and five corresponding production methods for spinning, dyeing and weaving. The results show that the fibre production is the stage with the highest water consumption, being cotton production particularly relevant. Therefore, the study pays particular attention to the water footprint of cotton production and analyses the effects of external factors influencing the water footprint of a product, in this case, the incentives provided by the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and the relevance of agricultural practices to the water footprint of a product is emphasised. An extensification of the crop production led to higher WF per unit, but a lower overall pressure on the basins water resources. This study performs a sustainability assessment of the estimated cotton WFs with the water scarcity index, as proposed by Hoekstra et al. (2011), and shows their variations in different years as a result of different water consumption by crops in the rest of the river basin. In our case, we applied the assessment to the Guadalquivir, Guadalete and Barbate river basins, three semi-arid rivers in South Spain. Because they are found to be relevant, the available water stored in dams and the outflow are also incorporated as reference points for the sustainability assessment. The study concludes that, in the case of Spanish cotton production, the situation of the basin and the policy impact are more relevant for the status of the basin s water resources than the actual WF of cotton production. Therefore, strategies aimed at reducing the impact of the water footprint of a product need to analyse both the WF along the value chain and within the local context

Importancia del conocimiento de la huella hidrológica para la política española del agua

En casi todos los países áridos o semiáridos la adecuada gestión de los recursos hídricos es un tema tan importante como conflictivo. La mayor parte de los expertos en gestión de recursos hídricos suele admitir hoy que los conflictos hídricos no se deben normalmente a la escasez física de agua sino a su inadecuada gestión. Los avances en la Ciencia y en la Tecnología que se han producido en el último medio siglo permiten resolver muchos de los problemas relacionados con conflictos hídricos con medios que hace pocas décadas nadie podía imaginar. El presente documento se centra en el estudio de la HUELLA HIDROLÓGICA y sus relacionados conceptos de agua virtual y sus componentes verde y azul. Este trabajo se enfoca no sólo desde la clásica perspectiva hidrológica sino también enfatizando los datos económicos. El estudio de la huella hidrológica está haciendo cambiar los conceptos de seguridad alimentaria e hidrológica que han estado vigentes durante siglos en la mente de la mayor parte de los políticos de todo el mundo. Los datos disponibles ponen claramente de manifiesto que la producción de alimentos es, a escala mundial, el principal usuario de agua verde y azul a gran diferencia de los otros usos. Por ello, este trabajo preliminar de otros estudios en marcha, se dedica principalmente al estudio del agua en la agricultura. La política del agua de un país va a estar cada día más íntimamente relacionada con su política agrícola, tanto de producción de alimentos como de su importación y/o exportación. Al mismo tiempo hay que tener en cuenta que en los países industrializados, como es España, los condicionantes ambientales van adquiriendo más peso y que consciente o inconscientemente el viejo lema “more crops and jobs per drop” está cambiando al lema “more cash and nature per drop”

Water and agriculture

This chapter shows the strong links between water, agriculture and the economy in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC). Both green and blue water are vital for LAC's economies and for its food security. Awareness of LAC's virtual water trade volumes and water footprints alone will not solve the local or global water problems. However, the awareness gained increases the likelihood that optimized water allocation decisions, which consider the hydrological and economical aspects of water resources, are made. • Agriculture is a significant economic sector for many LAC countries with some being major world players in the agricultural commodities world markets, such is the case for Brazil and Argentina who contribute to 13% of the global green water export. At the micro level, agriculture still plays a significant role for the food security of the population. • The consumptive water use of agricultural production was on average 1,057Gm 3 / yr for the period 1996–2005; of which, 95% corresponds to the green water footprint, whereas 5% refers to the blue component. This indicates that LAC relies heavily on green water for agricultural production, i.e. rain-fed agriculture. • Maize is a fundamental crop in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru, representing 15% of the total agricultural blue and green water footprint (773,408hm 3 /yr) and contributing to 35% of the agricultural nitrogen pollution, estimated as grey water footprint, in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Only in Mexico, maize contributes 60% of the agricultural grey water footprint. • Grazing represents 24% of the total green water footprint of agriculture in these countries. The blue water consumption by the animal water supply is very significant in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico and Peru, which amounts to 13% (38,825hm 3 /yr) of the total consumption

Virtual Water and Water Footprint: A Case Study from Spain

The World Water Week in Stockholm is the annual meeting place for the planet&#8217;s most urgent water-related issues. Organised by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI), it brings together experts, practitioners, decision makers and leader

Prediction of Chemotoxicity, Unplanned Hospitalizations and Early Death in Older Patients with Colorectal Cancer Treated with Chemotherapy

Simple Summary Chemotoxicity, unplanned hospitalizations (Uhs) and early death (ED) are common among older patients with cancer who receive chemotherapy. Our objective was to determine factors predicting these complications. A predictive score for these three complications based on geriatric, tumor and laboratory variables was developed in a series of 215 older patients with colorectal carcinoma receiving chemotherapy. The use of this score may reliably identify patients at risk to have excessive toxicity with chemotherapy, UH or ED, thus helping to plan treatment, implement adaptive measures, and intensify follow-up. Purpose: To identify risk factors for toxicity, unplanned hospitalization (UH) and early death (ED) in older patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) initiating chemotherapy. Methods: 215 patients over 70 years were prospectively included. Geriatric assessment was performed before treatment, and tumor and treatment variables were collected. The association between these factors and grade 3-5 toxicity, UH and ED (<6 months) was examined by using multivariable logistic regression. Score points were assigned to each risk factor. Results: During the first 6 months of treatment, 33% of patients developed grade 3-5 toxicity, 31% had UH and 23% died. Risk factors were, for toxicity, instrumental activities of daily living, creatinine clearance, weight loss and MAX2 index; for UH, Charlson Comorbidity Score, creatinine clearance, weight loss, serum albumin, and metastatic disease; and for ED, basic activities in daily living, weight loss, metastatic disease, and hemoglobin levels. Predictive scores were built with these variables. The areas under receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curves for toxicity, UH and ED were 0.70 (95% CI: 0.64-0.766), 0.726 (95% IC: 0.661-0.799) and 0.74 (95% IC: 0.678-0.809), respectively. Conclusion: Simple scores based on geriatric, tumor and laboratory characteristics predict severe toxicity, UH and ED, and may help in treatment planning

Fundamental frequency in transsexual men in different stages of hormonal treatment

El tratamiento hormonal que reciben los hombres transexuales tiene entre sus efectos la masculinización de la voz. El objetivo de esta investigación es medir la mediana de la frecuencia fundamental en el habla (Mf0) en hombres transexuales en distintas etapas de su tratamiento hormonal y determinar el nivel de correlación entre este parámetro y el número de dosis recibidas. Utilizando Praat se obtuvo el valor de la Mf0 de una serie automática de palabras, su valor mínimo y máximo, y el rango. Se separó la muestra en dos grupos según el número de dosis de hormonas recibidas. El Grupo 1 estuvo conformado por sujetos con 11 o menos dosis de testosterona. El Grupo 2 estuvo conformado por sujetos con 12 o más dosis. Los valores encontrados son comparables con los esperados para hombres no transgéneros. No se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto a la Mf0, Mf0min, Mf0máx y rango, al comparar los grupos 1 y 2. Existe una correlación baja entre el número de dosis y la Mf0. Existe una asociación entre el tratamiento hormonal y la masculinización de la voz, sin embargo, no existe evidencia que señale que a mayor número de dosis de hormonas exista una mayor masculinización de la voz. Se necesita realizar nuevas investigaciones con población más grande para verificar estos resultados.The hormonal treatment that transsexual men receive has among its effects the masculinization of the voice. The objective of this research is to measure the median fundamental frequency in speech (Mf0) in transsexual men at different stages of their hormonal treatment and to determine the level of correlation between this parameter and the number of doses received. Using Praat, the Mf0 value of an automatic series of words, its minimum, maximum and range values was obtained. The sample was separated into two groups according to the number of doses of hormones received. Group 1 consisted of subjects with 11 or less doses of testosterone. Group 2 was made up of subjects with 12 or more doses. The values found are comparable with those expected for non-transgender men. No significant differences were found with respect to Mf0, Mf0min, Mf0max and range, when comparing groups 1 and 2. There is a low correlation between the number of doses and Mf0. There is an association between hormonal treatment and masculinization of the voice, however, there is no evidence to indicate that the higher the number of doses of hormones there is a greater masculinization of the voice. New research with a larger population is needed to verify these results

Development and Validation of an Early Mortality Risk Score for Older Patients Treated with Chemotherapy for Cancer

Background: Estimation of life expectancy in older patients is relevant to select the best treatment strategy. We aimed to develop and validate a score to predict early mortality in older patients with cancer. Patients and Methods: A total of 749 patients over 70 years starting new chemotherapy regimens were prospectively included. A prechemotherapy assessment that included sociodemographic variables, tumor/treatment variables, and geriatric assessment variables was performed. Association between these factors and early death was examined using multivariable logistic regression. Score points were assigned to each risk factor. External validation was performed on an independent cohort. Results: In the training cohort, the independent predictors of 6-month mortality were metastatic stage (OR 4.8, 95% CI [2.4-9.6]), ECOG-PS 2 (OR 2.3, 95% CI [1.1-5.2]), ADL ≤ 5 (OR 1.7, 95% CI [1.1-3.5]), serum albumin levels ≤ 3.5 g/dL (OR 3.4, 95% CI [1.7-6.6]), BMI < 23 kg/m2 (OR 2.5, 95% CI [1.3-4.9]), and hemoglobin levels < 11 g/dL (OR 2.4, 95% CI (1.2-4.7)). With these results, we built a prognostic score. The area under the ROC curve was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.73 to 0.84), and in the validation set, it was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.67-0.79). Conclusions: This simple and highly accurate tool can help physicians making decisions in elderly patients with cancer who are planned to initiate chemotherapy treatment