Variedades y variaciones de capitalismo en la periferia. América latina y el este asiático reconsiderados

"El artículo propone un marco analítico alternativo al enfoque institucional de variedades de capitalismo para comprender la divergente emergencia y dinamismo industrial entre el Este Asiático y América Latina en el denominado Sur Global. El carácter alternativo se fundamenta en el distanciamiento del tratamiento nacionalista metodológico y focalizado en las complementariedades institucionales identificadas en países desarrollados -propio de este enfoque-, para considerar las características que identifican a países en contextos periféricos, y los cambios temporales y espaciales en estos. Se introduce las nociones de ""núcleo de acumulación"" y ""núcleo de implicación estatal"" como herramientas teóricas alternativas que consideran tal condición periférica -y sus cambios-, entendiendo los procesos de acumulación y los Estados que conforman las macro-regiones analizadas en una relación dialéctica e ínter-penetrante con permisividades externas y viabilidades internas.

Natural mortality of three commercial penaeid shrimps (<em>Litopenaeus vannamei, L. stylirostris</em> and <em>Farfantepenaeus californiensis</em>) of the Gulf of California using gnomonic time divisions

The estimation of natural mortality (M) is critical for stock assessment and fisheries management. The shrimp fishery is the most valuable one in Mexico and along the Pacific Coast of Mexico, and exploitation primarily targets three species: white (Litopenaeus vannamei), blue (L. stylirostris), and brown (Farfantepenaeus californiensis). It is a sequential fishery, so an appropriate estimate of M for different life stages is required for management purposes. Typically, M is estimated from the exploited stock, which is usually composed of adults, assuming a constant value for M, and this estimate is used for studies of population dynamics, stock assessments and determinations of the status of a fishery. In this study, we estimate M-at-age (i.e. life stage) for each species using the gnomonic time division model. The gnomonic intervals correspond to the actual life stages reported in the literature, whose duration was used for model fitting. The gnomonic model showed that M declines sharply in early life stages but declines to an asymptotic value after reaching maturity, and the model provided biologically consistent estimates of M at each life stage for the three shrimp species. Such estimates may be used with confidence to model the dynamics of sequential shrimp fisheries

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8–13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05–6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50–75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life. Funding Pfizer, Amgen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Sanofi–Aventis, Daiichi Sankyo, and Regeneron

Familial hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents from 48 countries: a cross-sectional study

Background: Approximately 450 000 children are born with familial hypercholesterolaemia worldwide every year, yet only 2·1% of adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia were diagnosed before age 18 years via current diagnostic approaches, which are derived from observations in adults. We aimed to characterise children and adolescents with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) and understand current approaches to the identification and management of familial hypercholesterolaemia to inform future public health strategies. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, we assessed children and adolescents younger than 18 years with a clinical or genetic diagnosis of HeFH at the time of entry into the Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Studies Collaboration (FHSC) registry between Oct 1, 2015, and Jan 31, 2021. Data in the registry were collected from 55 regional or national registries in 48 countries. Diagnoses relying on self-reported history of familial hypercholesterolaemia and suspected secondary hypercholesterolaemia were excluded from the registry; people with untreated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) of at least 13·0 mmol/L were excluded from this study. Data were assessed overall and by WHO region, World Bank country income status, age, diagnostic criteria, and index-case status. The main outcome of this study was to assess current identification and management of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia. Findings: Of 63 093 individuals in the FHSC registry, 11 848 (18·8%) were children or adolescents younger than 18 years with HeFH and were included in this study; 5756 (50·2%) of 11 476 included individuals were female and 5720 (49·8%) were male. Sex data were missing for 372 (3·1%) of 11 848 individuals. Median age at registry entry was 9·6 years (IQR 5·8-13·2). 10 099 (89·9%) of 11 235 included individuals had a final genetically confirmed diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia and 1136 (10·1%) had a clinical diagnosis. Genetically confirmed diagnosis data or clinical diagnosis data were missing for 613 (5·2%) of 11 848 individuals. Genetic diagnosis was more common in children and adolescents from high-income countries (9427 [92·4%] of 10 202) than in children and adolescents from non-high-income countries (199 [48·0%] of 415). 3414 (31·6%) of 10 804 children or adolescents were index cases. Familial-hypercholesterolaemia-related physical signs, cardiovascular risk factors, and cardiovascular disease were uncommon, but were more common in non-high-income countries. 7557 (72·4%) of 10 428 included children or adolescents were not taking lipid-lowering medication (LLM) and had a median LDL-C of 5·00 mmol/L (IQR 4·05-6·08). Compared with genetic diagnosis, the use of unadapted clinical criteria intended for use in adults and reliant on more extreme phenotypes could result in 50-75% of children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia not being identified. Interpretation: Clinical characteristics observed in adults with familial hypercholesterolaemia are uncommon in children and adolescents with familial hypercholesterolaemia, hence detection in this age group relies on measurement of LDL-C and genetic confirmation. Where genetic testing is unavailable, increased availability and use of LDL-C measurements in the first few years of life could help reduce the current gap between prevalence and detection, enabling increased use of combination LLM to reach recommended LDL-C targets early in life

An?lisis de situaci?n de medios y estrategias de vida de la comunidad Estutempan del municipio de San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de M?xico, M?xico

El municipio de San Felipe del Progreso se ubica al noroeste del Estado de M?xico dentro de este se ubica la comunidad de Estutempan que tiene 561 habitantes y presenta un alto grado de marginaci?n, en esta se realiz? un an?lisis participativo de situaci?n, basado en medios y estrategias de vida, que servir? de insumo para la divisi?n de Desarrollo Sustentable de la Universidad Intercultural del Estado de M?xico (UIEM), comunidad, instituciones y organizaciones que tienen injerencia. Para llevar a cabo el an?lisis de situaci?n se plante? como objetivo general realizar un an?lisis participativo de situaci?n, basado en medios y estrategias de vida incluyendo una identificaci?n de posibles acciones que contribuyan al desarrollo de la comunidad de Estutempan del municipio de San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de M?xico, M?xico. Para lograr el objetivo planteado se definieron 4 objetivos espec?ficos, reconstruir y analizar la historia de la comunidad, caracterizar los capitales que existen en la comunidad, identificar los medios de vida productivos y reproductivos y las estrategias de vida que predominan en la comunidad e identificar y priorizar de manera participativa los principales problemas y posibles acciones de desarrollo en la comunidad. La metodolog?a que se utiliz? fue el marco de los capitales de la comunidad, medios y estrategias de vida, evaluaci?n de las Necesidades Humanas Fundamentales (NHF). El desarrollo de este trabajo const? de tres etapas: 1. Planificaci?n donde se revis? informaci?n secundaria y elaboraron los protocolos para los diferentes actores, 2. Trabajo en campo consisti? en la aplicaci?n de entrevistas a los diferentes actores y realizaci?n de grupos focales y 3. Elaboraci?n del informe final. En el marco de los capitales de la comunidad el que m?s ha beneficiado a las familias y comunidad es el pol?tico por los apoyos de gobierno que han contribuido a la satisfacci?n de algunas NHF. Es necesario fortalecer el capital de infraestructura ya que las familias no cuentan con el servicio de agua potable en sus hogares y es fundamental para satisfacer algunas NHF, por el n?mero de poblaci?n no tienen un centro de salud, espacios recreativos, el transporte tiene horarios definidos y el servicio de taxi es muy costoso. Los medios de vida productivos est?n a cargo del hombre, mientras que la mujer tiene mayor carga de medios de vida reproductivos al atribu?rseles culturalmente. Ante la falta de agua potable en los hogares las mujeres invierten mayor tiempo y esfuerzo para realizar sus actividades productivas y reproductivas. Las principales actividades productivas son agricultura para autoconsumo, cr?a de pollos y guajolotes, cr?a de borregos, pesca, trabajo de alba?iler?a en la Ciudad de M?xico y trabajo temporal desde la siembra hasta la cosecha del ma?z.CATIE (Centro Agron?mico Tropical de Investigaci?n y Ense?anza