Optical Mapping, a Promising Alternative to Gold Standard Cytogenetic Approaches in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemias: A Blind Comparison on 10 Patients

International audienc

Generation and characterization of soybean and marker-free tobacco plastid transformants over-expressing a bacterial 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase which provides strong herbicide tolerance

International audienc

La réunion de concertation pluridisciplinaire onco-palliative : objectifs et préconisations pratiques

International audienceProgress leads to increase life duration at the metastatic stage but metastatic disease is most often lethal. Decision-making is necessary for an increasing period of care, beyond evidence-based medicine, dealing with complexity and uncertain benefit/risk ratio. This requires to inform the patient realistically, to discuss prognostication, to develop anticipated written preferences. These changes mean to pass from a medicine based on informed consent to medicine based on respect of the patient wishes even if it can be complex to determine. A new multidisciplinarity is needed, centered on the meaning of the care, the proportionality of the care, the anticipated patient trajectory. The ASCO has published recommendations on early palliative care. The timing and the quality of the discussion between palliative care specialists and oncologists is crucial. We propose 10 steps to organize a multidisciplinary onco-palliative meeting, as it appears the key for the organization of care in non-curable disease.Le progrès conduit à allonger la durée de vie de la maladie cancéreuse métastatique, qui demeure le plus souvent une maladie évolutive et mortelle. Les soins se réalisent pendant une durée croissante au-delà des preuves fournies par les études cliniques, donc dans la complexité et l’incertitude sur les rapports bénéfice/risque. Respecter le cadre éthique, renforcé par la loi Claeys-Leonetti de février 2016, pour une maladie évolutive potentiellement mortelle, conduit à informer le patient de manière réaliste, évoquer le pronostic, développer les discussions anticipées, recueillir et respecter ses préférences. Ces évolutions conduisent à passer d’une médecine du consentement éclairé à une médecine du respect de la volonté, avec toute la complexité que suppose la détermination de cette dernière. Tandis que s’est structurée la pluridisciplinarité au diagnostic par l’association des expertises diagnostiques et thérapeutiques vis-à-vis de la maladie tumorale, émerge ainsi un besoin de structuration d’une autre pluridisciplinarité, interrogeant le sens pour la personne, la proportionnalité du soin, la trajectoire personnelle et la sécurisation du parcours de soins. Pour atteindre cet objectif, la précocité de l’alliance des expertises complémentaires est décisive. Ceci a conduit à des recommandations de la Société américaine d’oncologie clinique (ASCO). L’introduction de l’équipe de soins palliatifs est un temps essentiel et la qualité de la concertation onco-palliative est déterminante. Nous décrivons notre préconisation pour mettre en pratique une réunion de concertation (RCP) onco-palliative, véritable pivot d’un changement d’organisation du soin en situation d’incurabilité

Towards an RTS,S-Based, Multi-Stage, Multi-Antigen Vaccine Against Falciparum Malaria: Progress at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

The goal of the Malaria Vaccine Program at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) is to develop a licensed multi-antigen, multi-stage vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum able to prevent all symptomatic manifestations of malaria by preventing parasitemia. A secondary goal is to limit disease in vaccinees that do develop malaria. Malaria prevention will be achieved by inducing humoral and cellular immunity against the pre-erythrocytic circumsporozoite protein (CSP) and the liver stage antigen-1 (LSA-1). The strategy to limit disease will target immune responses against one or more blood stage antigens, merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1) and apical merozoite antigen-1 (AMA-1). The induction of T- and B-cell memory to achieve a sustained vaccine response may additionally require immunization with an adenovirus vector such as adenovirus serotype 35. RTS,S, a CSP-derived antigen developed by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals in collaboration with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research over the past 17 years, is the cornerstone of our program. RTS,S formulated in AS02A (a GSK proprietary formulation) is the only vaccine candidate shown in field trials to prevent malaria and, in one instance, to limit disease severity. Our vaccine development plan requires proof of an individual antigen’s efficacy in a Phase 2 laboratory challenge or field trial prior to its integration into an RTS,S-based, multi-antigen vaccine. Progress has been accelerated through extensive partnerships with industrial, academic, governmental, and non-governmental organizations. Recent safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy trials in the US and Africa are presented, as well as plans for the development of a multi-antigen vaccine

Climate-driven 'species-on-the-move' provide tangible anchors to engage the public on climate change

Over recent decades, our understanding of climate change has accelerated greatly, but unfortunately, observable impacts have increased in tandem. Both mitigation and adaptation have not progressed at the level or scale warranted by our collective knowledge on climate change. More effective approaches to engage people on current and future anthropogenic climate change effects are urgently needed. Here, we show how species whose distributions are shifting in response to climate change, that is, ‘species-on-the-move’, present an opportunity to engage people with climate change by linking to human values, and our deep connections with the places in which we live, in a locally relevant yet globally coherent narrative. Species-on-the-move can impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedback to the climate system, presenting a wide variety of potential pathways for people to understand that climate change affects them personally as individuals. Citizen science focussed on documenting changes in biodiversity is one approach to foster a deeper engagement on climate change. However, other possible avenues, which may offer potential to engage people currently unconnected with nature, include arts, games or collaborations with rural agriculture (e.g. new occurrences of pest species) or fisheries organisations (e.g. shifting stocks) or healthcare providers (e.g. changing distributions of disease vectors). Through the importance we place on the aspects of life impacted by the redistribution of species around us, species-on-the-move offer emotional pathways to connect with people on the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and action on climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog

Climate‐driven ‘species‐on‐the‐move’ provide tangible anchors to engage the public on climate change

Abstract: Over recent decades, our understanding of climate change has accelerated greatly, but unfortunately, observable impacts have increased in tandem. Both mitigation and adaptation have not progressed at the level or scale warranted by our collective knowledge on climate change. More effective approaches to engage people on current and future anthropogenic climate change effects are urgently needed. Here, we show how species whose distributions are shifting in response to climate change, that is, ‘species‐on‐the‐move’, present an opportunity to engage people with climate change by linking to human values, and our deep connections with the places in which we live, in a locally relevant yet globally coherent narrative. Species‐on‐the‐move can impact ecosystem structure and function, food security, human health, livelihoods, culture and even the climate itself through feedback to the climate system, presenting a wide variety of potential pathways for people to understand that climate change affects them personally as individuals. Citizen science focussed on documenting changes in biodiversity is one approach to foster a deeper engagement on climate change. However, other possible avenues, which may offer potential to engage people currently unconnected with nature, include arts, games or collaborations with rural agriculture (e.g. new occurrences of pest species) or fisheries organisations (e.g. shifting stocks) or healthcare providers (e.g. changing distributions of disease vectors). Through the importance we place on the aspects of life impacted by the redistribution of species around us, species‐on‐the‐move offer emotional pathways to connect with people on the complex issue of climate change in profound ways that have the potential to engender interest and action on climate change. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog

TLR4 and TRIF-dependent stimulation of B lymphocytes by peptide liposomes enables T-cell independent isotype switch in mice

Immunoglobulin class switching from IgM to IgG in response to peptides is generally T cell–dependent and vaccination in T cell–deficient individuals is inefficient. We show that a vaccine consisting of a dense array of peptides on liposomes induced peptide-specific IgG responses totally independent of T-cell help. Independency was confirmed in mice lacking T cells and in mice deficient for MHC class II, CD40L, and CD28. The IgG titers were high, long-lived, and comparable with titers obtained in wild-type animals, and the antibody response was associated with germinal center formation, expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, and affinity maturation. The T cell–independent (TI) IgG response was strictly dependent on ligation of TLR4 receptors on B cells, and concomitant TLR4 and cognate B-cell receptor stimulation was required on a single-cell level. Surprisingly, the IgG class switch was mediated by TIR-domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-β (TRIF), but not by MyD88. This study demonstrates that peptides can induce TI isotype switching when antigen and TLR ligand are assembled and appropriately presented directly to B lymphocytes. A TI vaccine could enable efficient prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination of patients with T-cell deficiencies and find application in diseases where induction of T-cell responses contraindicates vaccination, for example, in Alzheimer disease