Educación especial y diversidad educativa

[Resumen] Nuestra felicitación a los Profesores Barca y Duarte, en su calidad de Presidentes del Comité Organizador, por el nivel de los temas propuestos para este Congreso, su buena marcha y, sobre todo, por el éxito obtenido en la convocatoria para la realización de este gran evento. La pretensión en esta ponencia, Educación Especial y Diversidad Educativa, es darles a conocer algunos aspectos del trabajo que en este momento estamos realizando un grupo de profesores del Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación en la Universidad de Vigo. Para ello, en primer lugar, nos referiremos brevemente a la consideración de la Diversidad y de la Educación Especial; en segundo lugar hablaremos de los procesos cognitivos en cuanto maximizadores del aprendizaje y que se ponen de manifiesto cuando se aprende, de cuáles son y de su medida y, en tercer lugar, de la intervención consiguiente centrada en el curriculum escolar y en el contexto del grupo clase

Determinants of major choice and academic expectations: Testing a prediction model across gender

With this study, we aim to test the predictive relationships between determinants of major choice (DMC) and academic expectations (AEs) and analyse gender differences, using six items of the Determinants of Major Choice Scale and the Academic Perceptions Questionnaire to assess AEs. A convenience sample of Portuguese (n = 839) and Spanish (n = 1001) first-year students (age-range = 17-23 years), most composed by women (56.9%, n = 1047), was selected from two public universities. The invariance of the multivariate regression model with latent variables of the effect of DMC on AEs, with intrinsic determinants (IDs; e.g., personal characteristics) and mediating agents (MAs; e.g., parents) as AE’s predictors, was tested across gender in LISREL. The invariance test of the multivariate regression model across gender was well fitted to data and revealed an equivalence of slopes between women and men, which allows a unique interpretation of the model’s predictive relationships for both genders. We also found statistically significant predictive relationships of IDs on six factors AEs and MAs on five factors AEs. The results showed, at a theoretical level, relationships with the self-determination theory. At a practical level, they pointed out the importance of IDs and MAs to conceive AEs intervention programs in Higher Education institutions

Family context and preschool learning

"The main goal of this investigation was to determine the influence of the family contextual variables on children's basic learning skills. Basic abilities tests for children's academic learning were administered to a sample of 447 children aged three, four, and five years in preschool education. The parents completed the questionnaire, which collected data about the structural variables of the family context: family structure, educational level, occupational activity, cultural resources available in the home, and monthly family income. Univariate analyses of variance were performed. The parents' educational level and some of the variables of cultural resources, such as access to the Internet, influence the basic abilities of the participants. This study indicates that structural variables condition family resources of a dynamic nature, and these are significant variables for academic achievement." (author's abstract

Auto-instruções: estratégia de regulação atencional da THDA

A estratégia de auto-instruções tem vindo a ser reconhecida como uma relevante forma de regulação cognitivo-comportamental no incremento das capacidades atencionais, nomeadamente em sujeitos com Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH). Neste artigo foi avaliada a atenção seletiva e a atenção sustentada em 2 grupos, ambos formados por pessoas com e sem TDAH, sendo que a um deles foi solicitada a realização de auto-instrução, com o objetivo de verificar se o uso desta estratégia promove as capacidades da atenção. Os resultados demonstraram que os sujeitos que realizam a estratégia de auto-instruções, quer apresentem ou não TDAH, manifestam melhores resultados do que os sujeitos que não a realizaram.Self-instruction strategy has been recognized as a relevant strategy in cognitive and behavioural regulation as a way of improving attention skills, namely in subjects with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This paper aims at demonstrating the effectiveness of this strategy regarding this disorder in subjects with and without ADHD as a mean of promoting attention skills, particularly selective and sustained attention. The results showed that subjects who performed the verbal self-instruction strategy presented better results in both attention processes assessed, than those who did not do it

Análisis de las actitudes del profesional gallego ante la prevención escolar de las drogodependencias.

Sin resume

Teachers' ICT-related self-efficacy, job resources, and positive emotions: Their structural relations with autonomous motivation and work engagement

Different variables related to information and communication technologies (ICT), such as digital self-efficacy for teaching, perceived institutional support for innovation, ICT positive emotions, and satisfaction with institutional support, are key factors in the teaching-learning process. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationships of these constructs with teachers' autonomous motivation and work engagement. Data were collected from 350 in-service secondary education teachers through a self-report questionnaire and were analyzed using a two-step Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach. After testing the adequacy of the measurement model, the structural model showed that all ICT-related variables significantly predicted autonomous motivation, with 26% of explained variance. ICT-related variables and autonomous motivation explained 69% of the variance of work engagement. Emotional variables also were predicted by digital self-efficacy and institutional support. Autonomous motivation and emotional variables mediated the effects of digital self-efficacy and support for innovation on work engagement. These results shed light on the critical role of these ICT-related variables for teachers’ work motivation and engagement

Expectativas, según sexo, de los estudiantes españoles de primer año de Enseñanza Superior tras sus primeras experiencias

Las expectativas académicas recogen la confianza en aquello que, según la experiencia previa, se considera que es más probable que ocurra. Constituyen una interpretación y predicción sobre lo que ha de suceder en la Enseñanza Superior (ES) en función de la experiencia vivida. La confrontación con el primer semestre lectivo conduce, muchas veces, a una reevaluación y modificación de las expectativas iniciales. Este estudio se realizó con el objetivo de comprobar si se produce un cambio en las puntuaciones de expectativas de los estudiantes, según su sexo, desde que se inician por primera vez en la Universidad hasta que finalizan el primer semestre académico. La muestra estuvo formada por 223 estudiantes de la Universidad de Vigo-Campus Ourense, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 39 años de edad (M=19,8; Mdn= 19). El 68% era de sexo femenino y el 32% de sexo masculino. Se utilizó para la medida inicial y semestral de las expectativas el Cuestionario de Percepciones Académicas (CPA). Los resultados, indicaron que las mujeres obtuvieron inicialmente puntuaciones más altas que los hombres en sus expectativas de Formación empleo/carrera, Desarrollo personal y social, Movilidad estudiantil, Participación político/ciudadana y Presión social. Al finalizar el primer semestre, ese patrón de puntuaciones se invirtió obteniendo los hombres puntuaciones más elevadas en dichas dimensiones de expectativas. Los resultados se interpretan en el sentido de que las mujeres ajustan en mayor medida que los hombres sus expectativas en función de las experiencias universitarias vividas en ese período de tiempo, suponiéndose una mejor adaptación de las estudiantes a la Universidad.Academic expectations reflected confidence in that which, according to previous experience, is considered to be more likely to occur. They are an interpretation and prediction about what will happen in Higher Education (ES) based on the experience. The confrontation with the first school semester leads, often, to a reevaluation and modification of initial expectations. This study was conducted to see whether a change in the scores of student expectations occurs, by sex, since they was first start in college until complete it the first semester. The sample consisted of 223 students from the University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, aged between 18 and 39 years (M = 19.8, Mdn = 19 ). 68% were female and 32% male. Was used for initial and semiannual measure Academic Perceptions Questionnaire (CPA). The results indicated that initially, women, scored higher than men in their expectations of training employment/career, personal and social development, student mobility, political/citizenship implication and social pressure. At the end of the first semester, that pattern was reversed, the men got higher scores on these dimensions of expectations. The results are interpreted to mean that women conform to a greater extent than men based on their expectations of university experiences in that time period, assuming a better adjustment of women students to college.peerReviewe

ESTRATEGIAS ATENCIONALES Y RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE SECUNDARIA

Este trabajo tenía como objetivos comprobar la relación entre variables atencionales y rendimiento académico en la Educación Secundaria Obligatoria y averiguar si el uso de estrategias atencionales varía en función de la edad, grado académico o género de los alumnos. Se aplicó la Escala de Estrategias de Aprendizaje (ACRA) a una muestra de 602 sujetos, y se recogieron sus notas finales en junio. Los resultados confirman que las variables atencionales exploración, subrayado lineal, fragmentación y atención, son las que parecen influir más en el rendimiento académico. El análisis correlacional señala un ligero decremento en el uso de las estrategias atencionales a lo largo de esta etapa educativa; y las comparaciones por género, indican que las chicas las utilizan más frecuentemente

Análisis de las actitudes del profesional gallego ante la prevención escolar de las drogodependencias.

Sin resume

Instructors’ teaching styles: relation with competences, self-efficacy, and commitment in pre-service teachers

Instructors’ teaching styles in higher education are an issue of major importance because these interactions affect students’ self-perceptions, involvement, and achievement. This study aimed to test a theoretical model of relations between perceived teaching styles (autonomy support, structure, and control) and competences, self-efficacy, and commitment in pre-service teachers; to assess the invariance of the model in two samples; and to analyze the mediated relations between these variables. Measures were collected from 842 Spanish pre-service teachers. As main research implications, teaching styles predicted acquired competences, competences predicted teaching self-efficacy, and self-efficacy predicted commitment to the profession. This model was equivalent in two samples of childhood and primary education pre-service teachers. Competences and self-efficacy mediated the relationships between variables. As practical implications, this study clearly shows the need for different interventions to enhance adequate instructors’ teaching styles and to foster among novice pre-service teachers the acquisition of professional competences, initial self-efficacy, and a good level of commitment to their profession