The impact of inclusion on the spanish education system.

This project aims to show a broader vision of educational inclusion nowadays. Through different authors and perspectives, the historic evolution of inclusive education is known, from integration to inclusion. In addition, a bibliographic review has been carried out to publicize the different inclusion strategies that can be implemented in the educational field, by the educational community of schools. These strategies can be of different types: strategies of organization and effective management of the classroom (reduction of the ratio, promotion of positive personal relationship, establishment of routines, etc.), teaching strategies and learning assessment (formative os continuous evaluation, motivational strategies, etc.), grouing strategies (according to different sises and criterions) and adaptation of activities and materials’ strategies (adaptation of materials, analysis and breakdown of tasks in simpler sequences, etc.).Este trabajo pretende mostrar una visión más amplia de la inclusión educativa en la actualidad. A través de diferentes autores y perspectivas se da a conocer la evolución histórica de la educación inclusiva, desde la integración hasta la inclusión. Además, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para dar a conocer las diferentes estrategias de inclusión que se pueden poner en práctica en el ámbito educativo, por parte de la comunidad educativa de los centros de enseñanza. Estas pueden ser de diferentes tipos: de organización y manejo efectivo del aula (reducción de la ratio, fomento de las relaciones personales positivas, establecimiento de rutinas, etc.), de enseñanza y evaluación de los aprendizajes (evaluación formativa o continua, estratégias de motivación, etc.), de agrupamento (atendiendo a diferentes tamaños y critérios) y de adaptación de las atividades y de los materiales (análisis y descomposición de tareas en secuencias más simples, adaptación de materiales, etc.)

Requirement of Plasminogen Binding to Its Cell-Surface Receptor α-Enolase for Efficient Regeneration of Normal and Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle

Adult regenerative myogenesis is central for restoring normal tissue structure and function after muscle damage. In muscle repair after injury, as in severe myopathies, damaged and necrotic fibers are removed by infiltrating inflammatory cells and then replaced by muscle stem cells or satellite cells, which will fuse to form new myofibers. Extracellular proteolysis mediated by uPA-generated plasmin plays a critical role in controlling inflammation and satellite-cell-dependent myogenesis. alpha-enolase has been described as plasminogen receptor in several cell types, where it acts concentrating plasmin proteolytic activity on the cell surface. In this study, we investigated whether alpha-enolase plasminogen receptor plays a regulatory role during the muscular repair process. Inhibitors of alpha-enolase/plasminogen binding: MAb11G1 (a monoclonal antibody against alpha-enolase) and e-aminocaproic acid, EACA (a lysine analogue) inhibited the myogenic abilities of satellite cells-derived myoblasts. Furthermore, knockdown of alpha-enolase decreased myogenic fusion of myoblasts. Injured wild-type mice and dystrophic mdx mice were also treated with MAb11G1 and EACA. These treatments had negative impacts on muscle repair impairing satellite cell functions in vitro in agreement with blunted growth of new myofibers in vivo. Furthermore, both MAb11G1 and EACA treatments impaired adequate inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted extracellular matrix deposition in vivo, which resulted in persistent degeneration. These results demonstrate the novel requirement of alpha-enolase for restoring homeostasis of injured muscle tissue, by controlling the pericellular localization of plasmin activity

Thermal reference points as an index for monitoring body temperature in marine mammals

BACKGROUND Monitoring body temperature is essential in veterinary care as minor variations may indicate dysfunction. Rectal temperature is widely used as a proxy for body temperature, but measuring it requires special equipment, training or restraining, and it potentially stresses animals. Infrared thermography is an alternative that reduces handling stress, is safer for technicians and works well for untrained animals. This study analysed thermal reference points in five marine mammal species: bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus); beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas); Patagonian sea lion (Otaria flavescens); harbour seal (Phoca vitulina); and Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). RESULTS The thermogram analysis revealed that the internal blowhole mucosa temperature is the most reliable indicator of body temperature in cetaceans. The temperatures taken during voluntary breathing with a camera held perpendicularly were practically identical to the rectal temperature in bottlenose dolphins and were only 1 °C lower than the rectal temperature in beluga whales. In pinnipeds, eye temperature appears the best parameter for temperature control. In these animals, the average times required for temperatures to stabilise after hauling out, and the average steady-state temperature values, differed according to species: Patagonian sea lions, 10 min, 31.13 °C; harbour seals, 10 min, 32.27 °C; Pacific walruses, 5 min, 29.93 °C. CONCLUSIONS The best thermographic and most stable reference points for monitoring body temperature in marine mammals are open blowhole in cetaceans and eyes in pinnipeds

α-Enolase, a Multifunctional Protein: Its Role on Pathophysiological Situations

α-Enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is considered a multifunctional protein. α-enolase is expressed on the surface of several cell types, where it acts as a plasminogen receptor, concentrating proteolytic plasmin activity on the cell surface. In addition to glycolytic enzyme and plasminogen receptor functions, α-Enolase appears to have other cellular functions and subcellular localizations that are distinct from its well-established function in glycolysis. Furthermore, differential expression of α-enolase has been related to several pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. We have identified α-enolase as a plasminogen receptor in several cell types. In particular, we have analyzed its role in myogenesis, as an example of extracellular remodelling process. We have shown that α-enolase is expressed on the cell surface of differentiating myocytes, and that inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding block myogenic fusion in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. α-Enolase could be considered as a marker of pathological stress in a high number of diseases, performing several of its multiple functions, mainly as plasminogen receptor. This paper is focused on the multiple roles of the α-enolase/plasminogen axis, related to several pathologies

Characterization of Campylobacter species in Spanish retail from different fresh chicken products and their antimicrobial resistance

Contaminated chicken products have been recognized as the primary vehicles of Campylobacter transmission to human. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter isolates from fresh chicken products at retail were studied. A total of 512 samples including: thigh, breast, marinated and minced chicken were purchased from different retail stores. Half of the samples were packed and the other half were unpacked. The 39.4% of the samples were Campylobacter positive; being unpacked chicken products (45.3%) more contaminated than packed chicken (33.6%). PFGE typing showed a high diversity among isolates; clustering 204 isolates into 76 PFGE types: 55 clusters of C. jejuni, 19 of C. coli and 2 of C. lari. C. coli genotypes showed higher resistance than other Campylobacter species. Although modified atmosphere packaging can reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., it does not avoid their presence in at least 33.6% of packed chicken products analyzed. Some pulsotypes might persist in the processing plant or butcher shops environment for longer than previously thought. More stringent control measures are needed in previous steps of the chicken food chain, in order to avoid the presence of Campylobacter spp. strains at retail that can compromise consumer's safety.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” from the Spanish Government (AGL 2013–47694-R) and by “Junta de Castilla y Leon” (BU159U14

Pathogenic and molecular diversity in highly virulent populations of the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) from Europe

The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.comThe parasitic weed Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape) constrains sunflower production in eastern and southern Europe and in the Middle East. Although genetic resistance is the most effective control method, new parasite races evolve overcoming sunflower resistance. In this work, highly virulent populations of O. cumana were analysed for pathogenicity and genetic diversity. The virulence of 11 populations from Hungary, Romania, Spain and Turkey was assessed and compared after infection of sunflower inbred lines to differentiate races of the parasite under glasshouse conditions. Molecular diversity among and within 27 parasite populations was studied by RAPD-PCR, UPGMA and amova analyses. Highly virulent race F was identified in Hungary, Spain and Turkey. The most virulent race (G) was also found in Turkey. The molecular analysis among highly virulent populations of O. cumana identified four molecular clusters, respectively, grouping populations from Central Spain, Hungary, South Spain and Turkey. The genetic homogeneity within parasite populations was confirmed, since no molecular divergences were found within them. This work constitutes the first geographical study of O. cumana together with pathogenicity and molecular traits inherent to each geographical group, and provides useful information for possible phylogenetic analyses of O. cumana. In addition, molecular markers associated with geographical origin could be developed and used as diagnostic tools to track new broomrape introductions into areas free of virulent races where they might represent a threat to sunflower production.This research was supported by the Ramón Areces Spanish Foundation, Spanish National Institute for Agricultural Research (RTA04-048), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (PIE200940I120) and Spanish Ministry for Science and Education (HH2005-0017). The placement of S. Raranciuc was granted by the European Science Foundation (CA849). L. Molinero-Ruiz was supported by an I3P post-doctoral contract (CSIC & European Social Fund).Peer reviewe

Relación de la esquizotipia psicométrica con variables emocionales y socioambientales

The aim of this study was to explore emotional and socioenvironmental differences between subjects with extreme scores in psychometric schizotypy. One hundred university students participated in this study, divided in groups with high or low scores in the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory (O-LIFE) and/or some of its subscales. Subjects with high psychometric schizotypy scores showed higher scores in depression (BDI), state anxiety (STAI-S), trait anxiety (STAI-T) and hostility (Ho) than low psychomet-ric schizotypy subjects. Analysis of the scores taken with the Structured Interview for the Evaluation of Socioenvironment Variables showed subjects with high scores in psychotypy to give less importance to family relationships, that are worse, show more vital events and are less efficient in the use of their time for study than low score subjects. These results mainly appear in the global score of O-LIFE and in the Impulsivity Nonconformity subscale.La esquizotipia es una alteración de la personalidad caracterizada por presentar signos y síntomas semejantes (y de menor intensidad) a los de la esquizofrenia. Parece haber relaciones entre esquizo-tipia y variables emocionales y socioambientales que pueden contribuir en el papel de este trastorno como marcador de vulnerabilidad a la esquizofrenia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue indagar so-bre las diferencias emocionales y socioambientales entre sujetos con puntuaciones extremas en el Oxford-Liverpool Inventory (O-LIFE) y sus subescalas. Participaron 100 estudiantes universitarios, divididos en grupos de alta o baja puntuación según el O-LIFE y/o algunas de sus subescalas. Los altos en esquizotípia psicométrica muestran mayores puntuaciones en depresión (BDI), ansiedad-estado (STAI-E), ansiedad-rasgo (STAI-R) y hostilidad (Ho) que los bajos. A partir del análisis de los datos tomados mediante la Entrevista Estructurada para la Evaluación de Variables Socioambienta-les, se encontró también que los sujetos altos en esquizotipia dan menos importancia a las relaciones familiares y éstas son peores, exhiben mayor cantidad de acontecimientos vitales y aprovechan peor las horas de estudio que los que obtienen puntuaciones bajas. Estos resultados se manifiestan en mayor medida cuando se tiene en cuenta la puntuación total en el O-LIFE o cuando se compara a los sujetos altos y bajos en la subescala de No-Conformidad-Impulsiva de dicho instrumento

Metal-free organic polymer for the preparation of a reusable antimicrobial material with real-life application as an absorbent food pad

There is a strong need to reduce food waste while maintaining the quality of packaged food. Thus, we have prepared a new fully organic and metal-free antimicrobial polymer, with the aim of increasing both the shelf life and safety of packaged meat. This antimicrobial polymer is based on widely available commercial acrylic monomers with covalently linked vanillin motifs, which are naturally occurring essential oils with antimicrobial characteristics. The film-shaped antibacterial polymeric material shows antibacterial activity for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes with an R parameter of up to 3.18, 3.37 and 2.00 and inhibition % of up to 99.95%, 99.96%, and 99.02%, respectively. To show the potential of these materials, we conducted a proof of concept experiment in which the antimicrobial polymer film was used as an absorbent food pad. The results show that the use of the antimicrobial polymer film can increase the shelf life of a packaged meat product by 50%. Since the antimicrobial activity is based on a covalently anchored group, there is no antimicrobial agent diffusion, and the antimicrobial activity persists beyond the first use because it is easily washable and reusable for at least 10 cycles.We gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by FEDER (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional), the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion ´ (PID2020–113264RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/50110001 1033) and "La Caixa" Foundation (the project leading to these results has received funding from the "La Caixa" Foundation, under agreement LCF/ PR/PR18/51130007)

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α-Enolase is a key glycolytic enzyme in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is considered a multifunctional protein. α-enolase is expressed on the surface of several cell types, where it acts as a plasminogen receptor, concentrating proteolytic plasmin activity on the cell surface. In addition to glycolytic enzyme and plasminogen receptor functions, α-Enolase appears to have other cellular functions and subcellular localizations that are distinct from its well-established function in glycolysis. Furthermore, differential expression of α-enolase has been related to several pathologies, such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis, among others. We have identified α-enolase as a plasminogen receptor in several cell types. In particular, we have analyzed its role in myogenesis, as an example of extracellular remodelling process. We have shown that α-enolase is expressed on the cell surface of differentiating myocytes, and that inhibitors of α-enolase/plasminogen binding block myogenic fusion in vitro and skeletal muscle regeneration in mice. α-Enolase could be considered as a marker of pathological stress in a high number of diseases, performing several of its multiple functions, mainly as plasminogen receptor. This paper is focused on the multiple roles of the α-enolase/plasminogen axis, related to several pathologies

Villas romanas en la depresión de Antequera: novedades desde la arqueología preventiva

Con este trabajo presentamos una actualización del poblamiento rural en época romana en el término municipal de Antequera. Trabajos de arqueología preventiva y las prospecciones realizadas en el marco de la revisión de los diferentes planeamientos urbanos durante los últimos años han incrementado de manera notable el conocimiento que teníamos de la romanización en la depresión de Antequera. Analizamos sólo los yacimientos que entendemos como novedades y que se encuentran inéditos por la inmediatez de los trabajos que se han desarrollado en los últimos meses y años. Partimos de la fecha de publicación del último Anuario de Actividades Arqueológicas de la Junta de Andalucía que, en el momento que elaboramos este artículo, se corresponde con la anualidad de 2006Artículo revisado por pare