Los lenguajes inventados en la literatura: análisis de las traducciones al español del Newspeak de 1984, de George Orwell

Treball Final de Grau en Traducció i Interpretació. Codi: TI0983. Curs 2014-2015La traducción literaria abarca un abanico de géneros muy diversos que presentan una variedad de características y dificultades específicas. En ocasiones, el autor de una obra de ficción va más allá de introducir conceptos imaginarios en su narración y llega a crear todo un lenguaje inventado (o con-lang en inglés). Esto supone un reto añadido para el traductor, que habrá de decidir cómo trasladar ese sistema lingüístico inventado a su traducción. Un ejemplo de este fenómeno es el Newspeak, el lenguaje inventado por George Orwell para su famosa novela 1984. En esta novela, además, el lenguaje creado por Orwell no es un mero rasgo cultural, sino un instrumento con una carga ideológica muy marcada. Este trabajo pretende arrojar luz sobre las técnicas de que dispone el traductor cuando se enfrenta a una novela que contiene un lenguaje inventado por el autor. Para ello, se realizará un análisis comparativo de una selección de 30 términos en Newspeak con las soluciones propuestas por tres traductores distintos, con el fin de identificar las técnicas que cada uno de ellos ha aplicado para llevar a cabo la traducción de un lenguaje inventado

Distribution of skates and sharks in the North Sea: 112 years of change

How have North Sea skate and shark assemblages changed since the early 20th century when bottom trawling became widespread, whilst their environment became increasingly impacted by fishing, climate change, habitat degradation and other anthropogenic pressures? This article examines long-term changes in the distribution and occurrence of the elasmobranch assemblage of the southern North Sea, based on extensive historical time series (1902–2013) of fishery-independent survey data. In general, larger species (thornback ray, tope, spurdog) exhibited long-term declines, and the largest (common skate complex) became locally extirpated (as did angelshark). Smaller species increased (spotted and starry ray, lesser-spotted dogfish) as did smooth-hound, likely benefiting from greater resilience to fishing and/or climate change. This indicates a fundamental shift from historical dominance of larger, commercially valuable species to current prevalence of smaller, more productive species often of low commercial value. In recent years, however, some trends have reversed, with the (cold-water associated) starry ray now declining and thornback ray increasing. This shift may be attributed to (i) fishing, including mechanised beam trawling introduced in the 1960s–1970s, and historical target fisheries for elasmobranchs; (ii) climate change, currently favouring warm-water above cold-water species; and (iii) habitat loss, including potential degradation of coastal and outer estuarine nursery habitats. The same anthropogenic pressures, here documented to have impacted North Sea elasmobranchs over the past century, are likewise impacting shelf seas worldwide and may increase in the future; therefore, parallel changes in elasmobranch communities in other regions are to be expected

Quartz of C-Axis Fabric Variation at the Margins of a Shear Zone Developed in Schists from Cap de Creus (Spain)

By means of geometrical analysis it is established that the studied shear zone, although approaching closely the simple shear model, does not satisfy it completely. Slight departures must be taken into account, i.e. there is an heterogeneity of strain along the shear zone on decimetric to milimetric domains, this caused by the non isotropic character of the original rock. Furthermore, a slight flattening component, besides the dominant simple shearing has to be taken into account when considering the bulk type of strain acting on the outer margins of the shear zone. In the outer margin of the studied shear zone two incipient sets of extensional crenulations, nearly symmetnc about the regional schistosity, appear. In such low strain domains, a weak caxis preferred orientation is already present consisting in a pseudo-two-girdle pattern. Stili at the marginal domains, but approaching the inner part of the shear zone, the regional schistosity progressively rotates into a mylonitic foliation. At the same time one set of the crenulations tends to vanish, while the other becomes better developed but conserves about the same angular relationship with the foliation. This fact coincides with the rotation and strengthening of the preferred orientation c-axis fabric pattern and its progressively more asymmetnc character with regard to the foliation. The final fabric is a nearly single girdle which tends to remain perpendicular to the persisting set of extensional crendations or shear bands if present. The obliquity of the girdle with respect to the mylonitic foliation is by no means related to the amount of strain.El análisis geométrico de la zona de la cizalla estudiada permite evidenciar que la deformación global se aproxima sensiblemente al modelo de cizaiia simple si bien debe tenerse presente la existencia de un componente menor de aplastamiento no rotacional especialmente significativo en los márgenes externos de la zona de cizalla. Además debe tenerse en consideración la presencia de heterogeneidades en la deformación, en los dominios decimétricos o inferiores, a lo largo de la zona de cizalla y originadas por el carácter no isotrópico de la roca original. En los márgenes externos de la zona de cizalla existen dos sistemas incipientes de crendaciones extensivas dispuestas aproximadamente simétricas con respecto a la esquistosidad regional. En estos dominios externos en donde la deformación es débil se aprecia ya la existencia de orientaciones preferentes de los ejes c del cuarzo adoptando disposiciones del tipo: "pseudo-two-girdle". Todavía en las zonas marginales, pero en dirección al interior de la zona de cizalla, la esquistosidad regional gira progresivamente transformándose en una foliación milonítica. Al mismo tiempo un sistema de crenulaciones tiende a desaparecer, mientras que el segundo se acentúa, conservando aproximadamente la misma relación angular con la foliación. Este hecho coincide con la rotación y el refuerzo de la orientación preferente de los ejes "c" del cuarzo y con su asimetrización con respecto a la foliación. La fábrica final se asemeja a una guirnalda sencilla la cual tiende a permanecer en posición ortogonal al sistema de crenulaciones o de bandas de cizalla persistentes, cuando éstas existen. La oblicuidad de la guirnalda con respecto a la foliación milonítica en ningún caso puede ser correlacionada con el valor de la deformación

Predicting reference points and associated uncertainty from life histories for risk and status assessment

To assess status of fish populations and the risks of overexploitation, management bodies compare fishing mortality rates and abundance estimates with reference points (RP). Generic, “data-poor” methods for estimating RP are garnering attention because they are faster and cheaper to implement than those based on extensive life history data. Yet data-poor RP are subject to many unquantified uncertainties. Here, we predict fishing mortality RP based on five levels of increasingly comprehensive data, to quantify effects of parameter and structural uncertainty on RP. Level I RP (least data) are estimated solely from species' maximum size and generic life history relationships, while level V RP (most data) are estimated from population-specific growth and maturity data. By estimating RP at all five data levels, for each of 12 North Sea populations, we demonstrate marked changes in the median RP values, and to a lesser extent uncertainty, when growth parameters come from data rather than life history relationships. As a simple rule, halving the median level I RP gives almost 90% probability that a level V median RP is not exceeded. RP and uncertainty were substantially affected by assumed gear selectivity; plausible changes in selectivity had a greater effect on RP than adding level V data. Calculations of RP using data for successive individual years from 1984 to 2014 showed that the median RP based on data for any given year would often fall outside the range of uncertainty for RP based on data from earlier or later years. This highlighted the benefits of frequent RP updates when suitable data are available. Our approach provides a quantitative method to inform risk-based management and decisions about acceptable targets for data collection and quality. Ultimately, however, the utility and extent of adoption of data-poor methods for estimating RP will depend on the risk aversion of managers

Nuevos medios publicitarios: la influencia del mundo digital en la planificación de medios

Technology has changed the rules of the game. The arrival of digital has come to alter the fundamental pillars of marketing. The rapid increase of the digital offer has managed to challenge the conventional, established (analog) media, and in particular television, print media and exterior media. The eruption of the digital media is a milestone, and never before had a medium reached so many people in such a short time. In this paper we analyze technological development in the field of the internet and digital television in Spain. Then, we identify the primary consequences for media consumption, the reaction of advertisers, and the process of adaptation led by the media themselves, especially in the area of commercialization. Finally, we confront the role of media agencies, faced with this new panorama of drastic changes. KEY WORDS: (new) advertising media, media planning, digital planning, digital media, media audience, internet advertising, digital television, TDT, media consumption, media agencies, digital technology, communication media, digital environment, media panorama, media efficiency, liquid content, on-off media, interactivity, television scenario, advertising investment, advertising activity, future of the media, media trends. Olga Solanas García es licenciada en Comunicación y Relaciones Públicas por la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB). Actualmente es directora de servicios al cliente de MEC Barcelona. Glòria Carreras Margineda es diplomada en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales por la Universidad de Barcelona y máster en Dirección de Marketing por EADA. Actualmente es directora de MEC Barcelona. Ambas son profesoras colaboradoras del Postgrado de Planificación Estratégica de la Comunicación Empresarial (PECE) en la Facultat de Comunicació Blanquerna (URL) y coordinadoras y profesoras colaboradoras de la asignatura de Análisis de Audiencias y su Impacto en el Diseño de las Estrategias de Comunicación. PALABRAS CLAVE: (nuevos) medios publicitarios, planificación de medios, planificación digital, medios digitales, audiencia de medios, publicidad en internet, televisión digital, TDT, consumo de medios, agencias de medios, tecnología digital, medios de comunicación, entorno digital, panorama de medios, eficacia en medios, contenido líquido, medios on-off, interactividad, escenario televisivo, inversión publicitaria, actividad publicitaria, futuro de los medios, tendencias de los medios

Are Changes in the Mean or Variability of Climate Signals More Important for Long-Term Stochastic Growth Rate?

Population dynamics are affected by changes in both the mean and standard deviation of climate, e.g., changes in average temperature are likely to affect populations, but so are changes in the strength of year-to-year temperature variability. The impacts of increases in average temperature are extensively researched, while the impacts of changes in climate variability are less studied. Is the greater attention given to changes in mean environment justified? To help answer this question we developed a simple population model, explicitly linked to an environmental process. We used the model to compare the sensitivities of a population’s long-term stochastic growth rate, a measure of fitness, to changes in the mean and standard deviation of the environment. Results are interpreted in light of a comparative analysis of the relative magnitudes of change in means and standard deviations of biologically relevant climate variables in the United States. Results show that changes in the variability of the environment can be more important for many populations. Changes in mean conditions are likely to have a greater impact than changes in variability on populations far from their ideal environment, for example, populations near species range boundaries and potentially of conservation concern. Populations near range centres and close to their ideal environment are more likely to be affected by changes in variability. Among pest and insect disease vectors, as well as species of commercial value, populations likely to be of greatest economic and public health significance are those near species range centers, living in a near-ideal environment for the species. Observed changes in the variability of climate variables may benefit these populations

Un siglo y medio de velocidad de circulación del dinero en España: estimación y determinantes

Presentamos una serie temporal de la velocidad de circulación del dinero en España usando la M2 y explicamos su comportamiento en el siglo y medio que va de 1850 a 2000. La velocidad de circulación del dinero en España presenta un declive secular hasta 1973 y apunta la forma de U en el último cuarto del siglo XX. Existe un retraso en los cambios de tendencia con respecto a otros países industrializados, explicable por el atraso económico español. Estimamos los determinantes de la velocidad de circulación de dinero —la inversa de la demanda de dinero para todo el período de 1850 a 1997. Un análisis de cointegración y un mecanismo de corrección de errores nos permiten afirmar que existe una función estable para todo el período donde las variables institucionales son importantes para explicar el comportamiento de la velocidad en España en el largo plazo.We present the yearly evolution of the Spanish income velocity of money (M2) and we explain its behavior from 1850 to 2000. The Spanish income velocity of money displays a downward trend until 1973 and shows the expected U-shaped pattern at the end of the twentieth century. An international comparison shows how the Spanish trend change occurs with a lag due to the late industrialization. We estimate the determinants of the velocity —the inverse of the demand for money— for the period 1850-1997. A cointegration analysis and an error correction model investigate the importance of the institutional variables in explaining the long-run behavior of the income velocity of money in Spain. The findings reveal a greater stability in the long-run velocity model when the institutional variables are considered

Relation of plasma flow structures to passive particle tracer orbits

The properties of plasma flow topological structures are compared with those of passive tracer particles within a framework of the continuous random walk (CTRW) approach. Vortices may cause some of the trapping of particles, while large scale flows may carry them from vortex to vortex. The results indicate that most of the trappings that are completed during the calculation correspond to tracers trapped on broken filaments, including possible multiple trappings. The probability distribution function of the trapping times is then a function of the filament length, and has a lognormal character, like the distribution of filament lengths

Estudio coalicional de los parlamentos autonómicos españoles de régimen común

Se analiza la distribución de poder entre los partidos políticos que obtuvieron representación en las elecciones celebradas el 26 de mayo de 1991 para renovar los Parlamentos de las trece Comunidades Autónomas de Régimen Comun. Se usan dos medidas numéricas de poder: el índice de Shapley-Shubik para juegos simples y su generalización, el valor coalicional de Owen para juegos con estructura de coaliciones. Las coaliciones previstas segun el criterio de optimización del valor coalicional coinciden notablemente con las formadas en cada Comunidad Autónoma