Artificial groundwater recharge in the MASub Boquerón and integrated management of water resources with Optiges

Artificial groundwater recharge is the technique in which water is usually introduced into the subsoil in order to alleviate water deficits of certain hydrogeological formations. In the study the appropriateness of incorporating the technique into a real system of water resources management is valued choosing the Boquerón groundwater body, and in particular the aquifer with the same name, located in the municipality of Hellín (Segura basin, Spain). The modeling indicates that the technique would reduce water deficits and increase guarantee of supply in the system elements, although the recharged volume is not sufficient to reduce the overexploitation of the Boquerón aquiferLa recarga artificial de acuíferos es la técnica con la que se introduce agua en el subsuelo generalmente para paliar los déficits hídricos de determinadas formaciones hidrogeológicas. En el estudio se valora la idoneidad de incorporar la técnica en un sistema de gestión de recursos hídricos real seleccionando la Masa de Agua Subterránea Boquerón, y en concreto el acuífero del mismo nombre, localizado en el municipio de Hellín (cuenca del Segura, España). La modelización indica que la técnica permitiría reducir los déficits hídricos e incrementar la garantía del suministro en los elementos del sistema, aunque el volumen recargado no es suficiente para disminuir la sobreexplotación del acuífero Boqueró

HydroPredicT_Extreme: A probabilistic method for the prediction of extremal high-flow hydrological events

Disastrous losses related to high-flow events have increased dramatically over the past decades largely due to an increase in flood-prone regions settlements and shift in hydrological trends largely due to Climate Change. To mitigate the societal impact of hydrological and hydraulic extremes, knowledge of the processes leading to these extreme events is vital. Hydrological modelling is one of the main tools in this quest for knowledge but comes with uncertainties. For that it is necessary to deeply study the impact of hydrological models’ structure on the magnitude and timing of extreme rainfall-runoff events. This paper is mainly aimed to show the development of a method called “HydroPredicT_Extreme” based on Bayesian Causal Modelling (BCM), a technique within Artificial Intelligence (AI). This method may enhance predictive capacity of extreme rainfall-runoff events. “HydroPredicT_ Extreme” follows an iterative methodology that comprise 2 main stages. First one comprises a mixed graphical/analytical method from Hydrograph. This stage is conditioned by two initial constraints which are, a) pluviometry station is representative of hydrograph downstream flow behaviour; b) there must be independence of events. This first stage comprises sub-phases such as: 1.1. Calculation of Response Time (RT) through a mixed graphical/analytical approach, 1.2 Subtraction of RT from the flow series to remove the Rainfall-Flow delay; 1.3 Calculation base flow rate; 1.4 Subtraction base-flow from flow series to work on absolute inputs. Second man stage is called Bayesian Causal Modelling Translation (BCMT) that comprises the 2.1 Learning, 2.2 Training, 2.3 Simulation through BCM modelling, 2.4 Sensitivity Analysis-Validation. This whole methodology will become a digital application and software that could be extrapolated to several similar case studies. This may be coupled with posterior devices for the prevention of catastrophic flood consequences in the form of MultiHazard-Early Warning System (MH-EWS) or others

Competencias comunicativas de maestros en formación

En este artículo se presenta una investigación cuyo principal objetivo era conocer las competencias comunicativas de los futuros docentes. Para ello, se diseñaron dos cuestionarios (uno para el alumnado y otro para el profesorado) y se analizaron diversas guías docentes. Los resultados de la investigación revelan cuáles son las carencias que muestran los estudiantes en habilidades comunicativas, así como las insuficienci as que se reflejan en sus planes de estudios

Groundwater intensive use and mining in south-eastern peninsular Spain: Hydrogeological, economic and social aspects

Intensive groundwater development is a common circumstance in semiarid and arid areas. Often abstraction exceeds recharge, thus continuously depleting reserves. There is groundwater mining when the recovery of aquifer reserves needs more than 50 years. The MASE project has been carried out to compile what is known about Spain and specifically about the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands. The objective was the synthetic analysis of available data on the hydrological, economic, managerial, social, and ethical aspects of groundwater mining. Since the mid-20th century, intensive use of groundwater in south-eastern Spain allowed extending and securing the areas with traditional surface water irrigation of cash crops and their extension to former dry lands, taking advantage of good soils and climate. This fostered a huge economic and social development. Intensive agriculture is a main activity, although tourism plays currently an increasing economic role in the coasts. Many aquifers are relatively high yielding small carbonate units where the total groundwater level drawdown may currently exceed 300 m. Groundwater storage depletion is estimated about 15 km3. This volume is close to the total contribution of the Tagus-Segura water transfer, but without large investments paid for with public funds. Seawater desalination complements urban supply and part of cash crop cultivation. Reclaimed urban waste water is used for irrigation. Groundwater mining produces benefits but associated to sometimes serious economic, administrative, legal and environmental problems. The use of an exhaustible vital resource raises ethical concerns. It cannot continue under the current legal conditions. A progressive change of water use paradigm is the way out, but this is not in the mind of most water managers and politicians. The positive and negative results observed in south-eastern Spain may help to analyse other areas under similar hydrogeological conditions in a less advanced stage of water use evolution

Communicative competences of teachers in pre-service education

En este artículo se presenta una investigación cuyo principal objetivo era conocer las competencias comunicativas de los futuros docentes. Para ello, se diseñaron dos cuestionarios (uno para el alumnado y otro para el profesorado) y se analizaron diversas guías docentes. Los resultados de la investigación revelan cuáles son las carencias que muestran los estudiantes en habilidades comunicativas, así como las insuficiencias que se reflejan en sus planes de estudios.This article presents a research whose main objective was to know the communicative competences of the future teachers. In this way, two questionnaires were designed (one for the student and one for the teacher) and student’s guides were analysed. The results of the research show the student’s faults in communicative abilities as well as the defects derived from study’s plans.Grupo de Investigación FORCE (Formación Centrada en la Escuela) Universidad de Granad

La compétence communicative des étudiants de maître spécialiste en Langue Étrangère de l'Université de Grenade

Este artículo plantea que la competencia comunicativa en la profesión docente es un aspecto insoslayable en una sociedad caracterizada por un ritmo de cambio continuo, sin embargo, este aspecto de la labor docente se ha encontrado en un estado importante de desatención hasta el momento presente. Labor esencial del profesor especializado en la enseñanza de otros idiomas es hacer comprender a su alumnado de primaria que la lengua extranjera se estudia para entenderse en otro contexto idiomático, no sólo es cuestión de aprobar. El profesor debe erigirse en guía del proceso de aprendizaje de los alumnos facilitando la creación de significados y, mediante la aplicación de estrategias metacognitivas con los alumnos, enseñarles a pensar, a aprender y a organizar las fuentes de información. Partiendo de esa premisa a través de estas páginas y de acuerdo con la investigación llevada a cabo en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Granada se ha pretendido establecer el nivel de competencia comunicativa que muestran los alumnos de la citada Facultad. Partiendo de un estudio cuantitativo por medio de cuestionario se refleja la percepción que los alumnos de tercer curso y a punto de terminar su formación inicial en la citada especialidad tienen de su propia competencia comunicativa. Así mismo, se presenta un análisis de relación entre la percepción que de esta cuestión tienen los alumnos de último curso comparado con los alumnos recién ingresados en la Facultad. Tras el análisis de los datos puede hablarse de carencia generalizada en la competencia comunicativa de los estudiantes de Magisterio. Ésta existe al ingresar en la Facultad y existe, no tan acusada pero así mismo remarcable, al egresar de la misma.This article sets out that communicative competence in teaching is an indispensable aspect in a society characterized by a constant rhythm of change. However, this aspect has been unattended until present day. An important role of teachers specialized in other languages teaching is to make pupils from primary school understand that foreign languages must be studied in order to be able to communicate with other people, not just for passing the subject. Furthermore, the teacher must be leader of the students learning process by making creation of significances easier and through the application of metacognitives schemes with pupils such as teaching them to think, learn and how to arrange sources of information. From this premise and according to the research made in Faculty of Teaching in University of Granada, we have try to establish the level of communicative competence of students in this Faculty. Starting from a quantitative study research through questionnaire, we can see the perception that students from third course, who are about to end their initial formation in Teaching, have of their own communicate competence. This way, it is presented here an analysis of the comparison between the perception that students from first course and students from last course have about this point. After the rates analysis, this article talks about the widespread lack of communicate competence of students from Faculty of Teaching. This lack exists notably in the beginning and, to a lesser extent, in the end of their studies.Cet article pose la question de la compétence communicative dans la profession des enseignants comme un aspect incontournable dans une société caractérisée par un rythme de changement continuel. Pourtant, cet aspect de la tâche de l’enseignement s’est trouvé trop souvent négligé jusqu’à présent. La tâche esentielle du professeur spécialiste de l’enseignement de langues vivantes, c’est de faire comprendre aux futurs élèves du Primaire que l’on étudie la langue étrangère pour communiquer dans d’autres contextes linguistiques. Bref, ce n’est pas seulement une question de réussite aux examens. Le professeur doit guider le processus d’apprentissage des élèves pour favoriser chez eux la création de signifiés et, au moyen de l’application de stratégies métacognitives, leur apprendre à apprendre, à penser et à organiser les sources d’information. À partir de cette prémisse et à partir de la recherche réalisée à la Faculté d’Éducation de l’Université de Grenade, on a voulu établir le niveau de compétence communicative des étudiants en Langue étrangère. Suivant une étude quantitative au moyen de questionnaires, on montre quelle est la perception que les étudiants de troisième année (c’est-à-dire, ceux qui sont sur le point de terminer leur formation comme futurs enseignants spécialistes en Langue étrangère) ont de leur propre compétence communicative. Nous présentons également une analyse du rapport entre la perception que les étudiants de dernière année en comparaison avec ceux de première année possèdent sur cette question. Il en découle de l’analyse des données qu'il y a un manque de connaissances en ce qui concerne la compétence communicative de la part de ces étudiants. Ce manque de connaissances est perceptible parmi les élèves qui commencent leurs études à la Faculté et il est vrai que cette situation persiste, malgré tout, chez les étudiants qui ont fini leur formation

Dynamic Bayesian Networks as a Decision Support Tool for assessing Climate Change impacts on highly stressed groundwater systems

Bayesian Networks (BNs) are powerful tools for assessing and predicting consequences of water management scenarios and uncertain drivers like climate change, integrating available scientific knowledge with the interests of the multiple stakeholders. However, among their major limitations, the non-transient treatment of the cause-effect relationship stands out. A Decision Support System (DSS) based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) is proposed here aimed to palliate that limitation through time slicing technique. The DSS comprises several classes (Object-Oriented BN networks), especially designed for future 5 years length time steps (time slices), covering a total control period of 30 years (2070-2100). The DSS has been developed for assessing impacts generated by different Climate Change (CC) scenarios (generated from several Regional Climatic Models (RCMs) under two emission scenarios, A1B and A2) in an aquifer system (Serral-Salinas) affected by intensive groundwater use over the last 30 years. A calibrated continuous water balance model was used to generate hydrological CC scenarios, and then a groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) was employed in order to analyze the aquifer behavior under CC conditions. Results obtained from both models were used as input for the DSS, considering rainfall, aquifer recharge, variation of piezometric levels and temporal evolution of aquifer storage as the main hydrological components of the aquifer system. Results show the evolution of the aquifer storage for each future time step under different climate change conditions and under controlled water management interventions. This type of applications would allow establishing potential adaptation strategies for aquifer systems as the CC comes into effectThis study has been partially supported by the European Community 7th Framework Project GENESIS (226536) on groundwater systems and from the subprogram Juan de la Cierva (2010) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation as well as from the Plan Nacional I+D+i 2008-2011 of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Subprojects CGL2009-13238-C02-01 and CGL2009-13238-C02-02). T. Finally, the authors want to thank the Segura River Basin Agency (Confederacion Hidrografica del Segura) for the data and information facilitated, and to all the stakeholders who have collaborated in this research.Molina, JL.; Pulido Velázquez, D.; García-Arostegui, J.; Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2013). Dynamic Bayesian Networks as a Decision Support Tool for assessing Climate Change impacts on highly stressed groundwater systems. Journal of Hydrology. 479:113-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.038S11312947

Integrating stakeholders' inputs to co-design climate resilience adaptation measures in Mediterranean areas with conflicts between wetland conservation and intensive agriculture

[EN] Designing sustainable management strategies in groundwater-dependent socio-economic systems in areas with scarce water resources and protected wetlands is a challenging issue. The high vulnerability of these systems to droughts will be exacerbated even further under future climate change (CC) and socio-economic scenarios. A novel integrated bottom-up/top-down approach is used to identify “climate resilient pathways”, from which to co-design adaptation strategies to reduce the impact of potential future CC and socio-economic scenarios. The approach followed two steps (1) the generation of local CC and socio-economic scenarios by downscaling global/regional climate models and (2) the identification and assessment of potential adaptation strategies through an iterative bottom-up/top-down approach. Top-down assessments of the impact of CC have been undertaken by propagating local scenarios within a chain of mathematical models based on expert criteria/assumptions. This allowed us to analyse of the physical vulnerability of the system under different potential CC and socio-economic scenarios by simulating them with a sequential modelling of rainfall–recharge, agriculture, and hydrological processes through a distributed groundwater finite difference model. These model results were discussed with the stakeholders at a first workshop, which aimed to identify potential adaptation strategies. The influence of the adaptation strategies on the future hydrological status was assessed by simulating them through the chain of models. These results were the inputs into the discussions at a second workshop, which aimed to validate and/or improve the results of the first workshop. The methodology was applied in the Upper Guadiana River Basin, where there is a long-standing conflict between wetland conservation and groundwater overexploitation for intensive agriculture. The future horizon 2016–2045 is analysed with the scenarios compatible with the emission scenario RCP4.5. The research has allowed us to conclude that groundwater pumping reduction would be the most robust and effective measure to reduce the impact of CC in the area.This research was partially supported by the research projects SIGLO-AN (RTI2018-101397-B-I00) and SIGLO-PRO (PID2021-128021OB-I00) from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (Programa Estatal de ICDCI orientado a los Retos de la Sociedad), the GeoE.171.008-TACTIC Project funded by European Union's Horizon 2020 - Research and Innovation Framework Programme, and the NextGenerationEU Fund through the programme “Fondos de Recuperación”.Peer reviewe

Mar Menor: una laguna singular y sensible. Evaluación científica de su estado.

Este libro recopila las aportaciones que equipos de investigación de la Universidad de Murcia, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Instituto Geológico-Minero de España, Universidad de Alicante, el Instituto Español de Oceanografía y otros organismos hicieron en las Jornadas Científicas del Mar Menor, celebradas en diciembre de 2014.La información recogida en este libro se estructura en dos grandes bloques, uno de Biología y Ecología del Mar Menor (capítulos 1 al 8) y otro de Condiciones fisicoquímicas e impacto de actividades humanas en la laguna (capítulos 9 al 14). El primer bloque resume buena parte de los estudios ecológicos realizados en el Mar Menor, que han servido para mejorar su conocimiento y también para cambiar antiguas asunciones sobre la naturaleza y el funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas lagunares (Capítulo 1). El segundo capítulo muestra que esta laguna alberga en zonas someras de su perímetro hábitats fundamentales para mantener y conservar tanto especies migratorias como residentes, que es necesario conocer para paliar el impacto de las actividades humanas que les afectan. En este sentido la reducción de la carga de nutrientes y contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos que fluyen hacia el Mar Menor puede ayudar a preservar la laguna en mejores condiciones, bien sea tratando las escorrentías (plantas de tratamiento, humedales artificiales u otras técnicas) y recuperar este agua para uso agrícola o evitar su descarga en la laguna (Capítulo 3). Estas actuaciones serán clave para la conservación de especies emblemáticas como el caballito de mar (Capítulo 4) y reducir el impacto de las proliferaciones masivas de medusas que se producen en la laguna desde 1993 (Capítulo 5). En este mismo sentido los cambios acaecidos en la laguna han favorecido la incursión de invertebrados marinos alóctonos (Capítulo 6) y han afectado a la respuesta de la dinámica poblacional de las aves acuáticas a distintas escalas (Capítulo 7). Para completar este bloque se ofrece una perspectiva histórica de la importancia que ha tenido la investigación sobre acuicultura realizada en esta laguna, que ha servido de base para su gran desarrollo actual (Capítulo 8). El segundo bloque se inicia con una evaluación del origen y evolución del Mar Menor desde el punto de vista geológico, y evidencia su vulnerabilidad ante el deterioro que puede sufrir la desaparición de la barrera de cierre y/o su colmatación (Capítulo 9). En el Capítulo 10 se describe la relevancia que tiene la interacción de los acuíferos del Campo de Cartagena con la laguna, que se produce no sólo a nivel superficial sino también subterráneo. Esta interacción permite el acceso de nutrientes a la laguna, a pesar de la cierta capacidad de depuración de los humedales que le circundan, y también de metales traza por los aportes de residuos mineros (Capítulo 11). De hecho los metales traza están presentes en los sedimentos de la laguna, y su distribución se ha caracterizado en la columna sedimentaria relacionándola con la granulometría y el contenido de materia orgánica del sedimento (Capítulo 12). Posteriormente se describe la entrada de diversos contaminantes orgánicos, incluyendo pesticidas y fármacos a través de la rambla del Albujón, y su distribución estacional en agua y sedimento de la laguna (Capítulo 13). Este segundo bloque finaliza con el Capítulo 14 en el que se describe la bioacumulación de hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos, pesticidas y fármacos en moluscos y peces del Mar Menor, así como los efectos biológicos que la carga contaminante que accede a través de la rambla del Albujón produce en los organismos que allí habitan. El libro concluye con un breve epílogo redactado por los editores de este libro