La mujer como sujeto de especial protección social ante la contingencia de la vejez

El presente trabajo parte de la necesidad de analizar de una manera integral los niveles de protección social para la mujer colombiana en la contingencia de la vejez, a partir de verificaciones normativas, constitucionales, jurisprudenciales e históricas en el marco del Sistema general de seguridad social, las Políticas públicas y los planes y programas gubernamentales con enfoque de género. En Colombia han evolucionado los paradigmas sociales y normativos asociados a la participación real y efectiva de la mujer en la sociedad, en la política, en la educación, en la economía, en el mercado laboral y otros ámbitos. Sin embargo, existen aún brechas de desigualdad que no permiten materializar la equidad de género, la cual se ve reflejada en los bajos niveles de protección de la mujer en la contingencia de la vejez y en la insatisfacción de sus derechos, en contra de los fines esenciales del Estado social de Derecho. La inequidad de género en lo laboral y por ende en la seguridad social aumenta por los efectos de la pandemia por Covid-19, de allí la necesidad de aplicar la discriminación positiva en favor de la mujer en los distintos programas de reactivación social y económica.This paper is based on the need to analyze in a comprehensive approach the levels of social protection for Colombian women in the contingency of old age. This is done on the basis of normative, constitutional, jurisprudential and historical verifications within the framework of the General Social Security System, public policies and governmental plans and programs with a gender perspective. In Colombia, the social and regulatory paradigms associated with the real and effective participation of women in society, politics, education, the economy, the labor market and other areas have progressed. However, there are still inequality gaps that do not allow gender equity to materialize, which is reflected in the low levels of protection for women in the contingency of old age and in the dissatisfaction of their rights, contrary to the essential purposes of the social rule of law. Gender inequality in labor and therefore in social security increases due to the effects of Covid-19, hence the need to apply positive discrimination in favor of women in the different social and economic reactivation programs.Introducción. -- 1. Objetivo general. -- 1.1 objetivos específicos. -- 2. Metodología. -- 3. Marco teórico. -- 3.1 la lucha femenina por la consecución de sus derechos. -- 3.2 mujer teoría social y condición de vulnerabilidad. -- 3.3 mujer sujeto histórico y sujeto de derechos. -- 3.4 estado social de derecho y principio de solidaridad. -- 4. Marco legal. -- 4.1 equidad con enfoque de género. --4.1.1 equidad de género en el marco normativo internacional. -- 4.1.2 equidad de género en el marco normativo nacional. -- 4.2 mujeres en las edades avanzadas. -- 4.2.1 esperanza de vida y envejecimiento poblacional. -- 4.2.2 dependencia demográfica. -- 4.2.3 empleo y protección social. -- 4.2.4 nivel educativo y desigualdad en el mercado laboral. -- 4.2.5 brechas en el mercado laboral. -- 4.2.6 mujeres trabajadoras y seguridad social. -- 4.2.7 mujer adulta mayor y desigualdad de género. -- 4.3 covid-19 catalizador de desigualdad de género. -- 4.3.1 mujer cuidado no remunerado por covid-19. -- 4.3.2 madres cabeza de familia y covid-19. -- 4.4 medidas de mitigación del gobierno nacional. -- 4.4.1 medidas de reactivación económica. -- 4.4.2 estabilidad laboral reforzada para la mujer cabeza de familia. -- 4.5 madre cabeza de familia-presupuestos jurisprudenciales. -- 4.6 protección social ante la contingencia de la vejez. -- 4.7 seguridad social y noción de género. -- 4.7.1 discriminación positiva. -- 4.7.2 programa de atención a la vejez. -- 4.7.3 fondo de solidaridad pensional. -- 4.7.4 beneficios económicos periódicos. -- 4.7.4.1 características de los beps. -- 4.7.5 medidas de protección a la vejez. -- 4.7.6 la mujer de cara a la pensión de vejez. -- 4.7.7 género en el sistema pensional desde la ley 100 de 1993. -- 5. Resultados. -- 6. Conclusiones. –Referencias. – Anexos

Adecuación de los proyectos de desarrollo rural a los presupuestos de patrimonio agrario fijados en la Carta de Baeza : estudios de casos

págs. 403-445Capítulo incluido en el libro: El patrimonio agrario: la construcción cultural del territorio a través de la actividad agraria. José Castillo Ruiz y Celia Martínez Yáñez (Coordinadores). Sevilla: Universidad Internacional de Andalucía, 2015. ISBN: 978-84-7993-264-0. Enlace: http://hdl.handle.net/10334/352

Miradas colectivas del departamento de Caldas, municipios de Norcasia, Victoria y Marquetalia, departamento de Antioquia, municipio de Puerto Triunfo, y departamento de Cundinamarca, municipio de Puerto Salgar

La falta de Cobertura en Salud en los Programas de Promoción y Prevención de mujeres gestantes, Los Embarazos, La Delincuencia, el Consumo de sustancias Psicoactivas en Adolescentes, y La División Política, son proyectos de investigación que están orientados a comprender las dinámicas sociales de las comunidades de los municipios de Norcasia, Victoria, Marquetalia, Puerto Triunfo y Puerto Salgar, frente a sus necesidades individuales y colectivas, que conllevan a identificar, analizar e interpretar factores que desfavorecen el Desarrollo Humano Y Familiar. La indagación contextual, y el trabajo de campo fueron centrados en el contexto familiar, educativo, social, y político, los cuales abrieron espacios de construcción de subjetividades, que fueron articuladas con las Políticas Públicas Departamentales y Municipales, conllevando a plantear propuestas de intervención de transformación social, que mejore las condiciones de la población afectada.The lack of Health Coverage in the Programs for the Promotion and Prevention of Pregnant Women, Pregnancies, Delinquency, Consumption of Psychoactive Substances in Adolescents, and The Political Division, are research projects that are oriented to understand the social dynamics of Communities in the municipalities of Norcasia, Victoria, Marquetalia, Puerto Triunfo and Puerto Salgar, facing their individual and collective needs, which lead to identify, analyze and interpret factors that disadvantage Human and Family Development. Contextual inquiry and fieldwork were centered in the family, educational, social, and political context, which opened spaces for the construction of subjectivities, which were articulated with the Departmental and Municipal Public Policies, leading to proposals for intervention by Social transformation, which improves the conditions of the affected population

Relación clínica entre ictericia no inmune e infección urinaria en recién nacidos

Introduction: this study aims to analyze the relationship between non-immune jaundice and urinary tract infection (UTI) in full-term neonates. Additionally, it investigates the frequency of this association in jaundiced patients without fever but with evidence of UTI. The study seeks to determine if UTI is a contributing factor to neonatal jaundice and explore other potential associated factors. Methodology: a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using medical records of neonates who developed idiopathic jaundice within the first 15 days of life, between January 2019 and July 2021. Parametric description of the variables was performed, along with an analysis of the medical records of neonates treated at San Diego General Clinic in Barranquilla, Atlántico. Results: females showed a predominance in the association between non-immune jaundice and UTI, accounting for 54%, compared to males at 46%. The most common age range for detecting non-immune jaundice was between 4 to 8 days of life, with Escherichia coli (E. coli) being the most frequently identified causative microorganism for UTI. Conclusions: in neonates under 10 days of age diagnosed with jaundice requiring hospitalization for phototherapy based on Bhutani curves, UTI should be considered as part of the clinical picture or a predictive factor. Urine culture should be included in the diagnostic protocol for early detection of UTI in these neonates.Introducción: el estudio se enfoca en analizar la relación entre la ictericia no inmune y la infección de vía urinaria (IVU) en recién nacidos a término. También se investiga la frecuencia de esta asociación en pacientes con ictericia pero sin fiebre, que muestran evidencia de infección urinaria. Se busca determinar si la infección urinaria desempeña un papel en el desarrollo de ictericia en neonatos, así como explorar otros posibles factores asociados. Metodología: estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal, basado en el análisis de historias clínicas de neonatos que desarrollaron ictericia idiopática en los primeros 15 días de vida, entre enero de 2019 y julio de 2021. Se lleva a cabo una descripción paramétrica de las variables recopiladas, así como un análisis detallado de los expedientes de los recién nacidos atendidos en la Clínica General San Diego en Barranquilla, Atlántico. Resultados: el sexo femenino tuvo un predominio en relación ictericia no inmune e IVU en un 54%, a diferencia del sexo masculino que tuvo un 46%, siendo la edad más frecuente donde se detectaba ictericia no inmune entre los 4 a 8 días de vida y el microorganismo causal de IVU más frecuente, la Escherichia coli (E. coli). Conclusiones: en recién nacidos con menos de 15 días de vida, diagnosticados con ictericia y que requieren hospitalización para fototerapia basada en las curvas de Bhutani, se debe considerar la posibilidad de una infección de vías urinarias como parte del cuadro clínico o incluso como un factor predictivo. Se sugiere incluir el urocultivo como parte del protocolo de estudio para facilitar el diagnóstico temprano de esta infección del tracto urinario

La disponibilidad de glutamina regula diferentemente la formación de biofilms en streptococcus suis

Este estudio ha sido financiado por el proyecto ABC-VACCINESs de AEI PID2020-114617RB-100, enmarcado en el programa Retos de Investigación 2020.Publishe

Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes)

first_pagesettingsOrder Article Reprints Open AccessArticle Landslide Susceptibility Analysis on the Vicinity of Bogotá-Villavicencio Road (Eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes) by María Camila Herrera-Coy 1ORCID,Laura Paola Calderón 2,Iván Leonardo Herrera-Pérez 1,3,Paul Esteban Bravo-López 1,4ORCID,Christian Conoscenti 2ORCID,Jorge Delgado 1ORCID,Mario Sánchez-Gómez 5,6ORCID andTomás Fernández 1,6,*ORCID 1 Department of Cartographic, Geodetic and Photogrammetric Engineering, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 2 Department of Earth and Marine Sciences (DiSTeM), University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy 3 Department of Geographic and Environmental Engineering, University of Applied and Environmental Sciences (U.D.C.A.), Bogotá 111166, Colombia 4 Institute for Studies of Sectional Regime of Ecuador (IERSE), University of Azuay, Cuenca 010107, Ecuador 5 Department of Geology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain 6 Natural Hazards Lab of the Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, Energy and Environment (CEACTEMA), University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Remote Sens. 2023, 15(15), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15153870 Received: 11 June 2023 / Revised: 24 July 2023 / Accepted: 31 July 2023 / Published: 4 August 2023 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Techniques for Landslides Studies and Their Hazards Assessment) Download Browse Figures Versions Notes Abstract Landslide occurrence in Colombia is very frequent due to its geographical location in the Andean mountain range, with a very pronounced orography, a significant geological complexity and an outstanding climatic variability. More specifically, the study area around the Bogotá-Villavicencio road in the central sector of the Eastern Cordillera is one of the regions with the highest concentration of phenomena, which makes its study a priority. An inventory and detailed analysis of 2506 landslides has been carried out, in which five basic typologies have been differentiated: avalanches, debris flows, slides, earth flows and creeping areas. Debris avalanches and debris flows occur mainly in metamorphic materials (phyllites, schists and quartz-sandstones), areas with sparse vegetation, steep slopes and lower sections of hillslopes; meanwhile, slides, earth flows and creep occur in Cretaceous lutites, crop/grass lands, medium and low slopes and lower-middle sections of the hillslopes. Based on this analysis, landslide susceptibility models have been made for the different typologies and with different methods (matrix, discriminant analysis, random forest and neural networks) and input factors. The results are generally quite good, with average AUC-ROC values above 0.7–0.8, and the machine learning methods are the most appropriate, especially random forest, with a selected number of factors (between 6 and 8). The degree of fit (DF) usually shows relative errors lower than 5% and success higher than 90%. Finally, an integrated landslide susceptibility map (LSM) has been made for shallower and deeper types of movements. All the LSM show a clear zonation as a consequence of the geological control of the susceptibility.Incluye referencias bibliográfica

Gel-Dispersed Nanostructures Lipid Carriers Loading Thymol Designed for Dermal Pathologies

Purpose: Acne vulgaris is one of the most prevalent dermal disorders affecting skin health and appearance. To date, there is no effective cure for this pathology, and the majority of marketed formulations eliminate both healthy and pathological microbiota. Therefore, hereby we propose the encapsulation of an antimicrobial natural compound (thymol) loaded into lipid nanostructured systems to be topically used against acne.Methods: To address this issue, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) capable of encapsulating thymol, a natural compound used for the treatment of acne vulgaris, were developed either using ultrasonication probe or high-pressure homogenization and optimized using 22-star factorial design by analyzing the effect of NLC composition on their physicochemical parameters. These NLC were optimized using a design of experiments approach and were characterized using different physicochemical techniques. Moreover, short-term stability and cell viability using HaCat cells were assessed. Antimicrobial efficacy of the developed NLC was assessed in vitro and ex vivo.Results: NLC encapsulating thymol were developed and optimized and demonstrated a prolonged thymol release. The formulation was dispersed in gels and a screening of several gels was carried out by studying their rheological properties and their skin retention abilities. From them, carbomer demonstrated the capacity to be highly retained in skin tissues, specifically in the epidermis and dermis layers. Moreover, antimicrobial assays against healthy and pathological skin pathogens demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of thymol-loaded NLC gelling systems since NLC are more efficient in slowly reducing C. acnes viability, but they possess lower antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis, compared to free thymol.Conclusion: Thymol was successfully loaded into NLC and dispersed in gelling systems, demonstrating that it is a suitable candidate for topical administration against acne vulgaris by eradicating pathogenic bacteria while preserving the healthy skin microbiome.</p

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos de Tolima y Norte de Santander

Por medio de la atención psicosocial abordada para esta población vulnerable donde se logra reparar y restablecer la dignidad de las víctimas aportándoles herramientas de transformación y convirtiendo estas historias en un ejemplo para aquellos que desean reconstruir sus vidas. Todo lo anterior se logra, por medio del pensamiento sistémico y el enfoque narrativo, ya que desde este punto se logra escuchar a las víctimas desde sus vivencias, por medio del análisis, interpretación, formulación y evaluación de diferentes eventos que se consideran traumáticos generándoles estrategias que les permitan superar dichas situaciones. A continuación se presenta un análisis desde la narrativa, para el relato “Carlos Arturo”, considerado para el grupo unos de los relatos más relevantes e impactantes, ya que refiere una vivencia marcada por la violencia, que habría afectado a un ser querido. Con base en este relato, se presentan nueve preguntas desde un abordaje psicosocial, estas preguntas se consideran como una herramienta desde el construccionismo social, para lograr por medio de una conversación de apoyo y que con estas se logre la construcción de historias esperanzadoras que les permitan seguir su camino hacia adelante. Presentando una reflexión acerca del caso “Peñas Coloradas”, un relato que presenta una situación de conflicto armado, cultivos ilícitos, que dejaría marcado a un pueblo envuelto en una crisis social y de dolor, con base en este caso se presentan tres estrategias de intervención implementadas a sujetos que han pasado por sucesos traumáticos víctimas de la violencia. Para por último, dar las conclusiones que permiten evidenciar el desarrollo y transformación de recuerdos y vivencias, por medio del uso de estrategias de intervención participativa enfocada en un cambio psicosocial que permita construir paz y continuar con sus proyectos de vida.Through psychosocial care aimed at this vulnerable population where it is possible to repair and dignify the victims by providing them with transformation and transformation tools. these stories into an example for those who wish to rebuild their lives. All of the above is achieved through systemic thinking and the narrative approach, since from this point it is possible to listen to the victims from their experiences, through the analysis, interpretation, formulation and evaluation of different events that are considered traumatic generating strategies that allow them to overcome these situations. Below is an analysis from the narrative, for the story "Carlos Arturo", considered for the group one of the most relevant and shocking stories, since it refers to an experience marked by violence, which would have affected a loved one. Based on this story, nine questions are presented from a psychosocial approach, these questions are considered as a tool from social constructionism, to achieve through a conversation of support and that with these the construction of hopeful stories is achieved that allow them to continue their way forward. Presenting a reflection on the case "Peñas Coloradas", a story that presents a situation of armed conflict, illicit crops, which would leave a people involved in a social crisis and pain marked, based on this case three intervention strategies are presented implemented to subjects who have gone through traumatic events victims of violence. Finally, to give the conclusions that allow to evidence the development and transformation of memories and experiences, using participatory intervention strategies focused on a psychosocial change that allows to build peace and continue with their life projects

The Impact of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Coconut Oil Treatment on Cortisol Activity and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is pathogenically characterized by high oxidative stress and symptomatically by progressive muscle loss and increased body fat associated with the presence of depression. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (particularly present in green tea) and ketone bodies (in particular beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)), whose main source is coconut oil, have shown emotional benefits and body fat loss. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of EGCG and coconut oil on cortisol activity related to fat loss and depression in MS patients. (2) Methods: The study involved 51 MS patients who were randomly divided into an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group received 800 mg of EGCG and 60 mL of coconut oil, which were included in their daily diet for four months. The control group received placebo and all patients followed an isocaloric diet. A blood sample was collected before and after the four-month period, and levels of cortisol, albumin and BHB were measured in serum. In addition, immediately before and after the intervention, anthropometric variables were measured: waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat mass percentage, fat weight, total weight, and muscle mass percentage. Depression was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). (3) Results: No significant changes were obtained in cortisol levels in any of the groups, and there was a significant increase in albumin in the blood of the intervention group only that could lead to a decrease in serum free cortisol. In addition, it was observed a significant decrease in levels of depression and abdominal fat. (4) Conclusions: EGCG combined with coconut oil increase the concentration of albumin in blood and produce less depression in MS patients

Changes in a Comprehensive Profile of Saliva Analytes in Fattening Pigs during a Complete Productive Cycle : A Longitudinal Study

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a panel of 29 salivary biomarkers of stress, immunity, inflammation, redox homeostasis and other physiological functions can change in healthy fattening pigs when monitoring the different phases of their productive cycle and can be influenced by various sources of variations such as gender and performance parameters. Several analytes showed changes due to the productive cycle, with a majority of the analytes showing higher values at lactation and at the beginning of nursery. Additionally, differences were seen due to sex. These differences can be related in some cases with performance parameters and should be taken into consideration for an appropriate interpretation of the analytes. A comprehensive panel of 29 salivary analytes was measured in fattening pigs to evaluate its possible changes along their productive cycle. The identification of those changes would allow a better interpretation of the results according to the productive phase of the animal. Saliva samples were obtained from 49 Large-White pigs (24 females, 25 males) in suckling phase, at the beginning and the end of the nursery phase, and at the beginning and the end of the growing phase. Several analytes changed according to the phase of the productive cycle, with most of the analytes showing higher values at lactation and at the beginning of nursery. Additionally, differences were seen due to sex. When possible relations between performance parameters and analytes were evaluated, significant positive but weak relationships were found between weight at birth and salivary γ-glutamyl transferase, and between back-fat thickness and salivary lactate dehydrogenase. In conclusion, differences in the values of salivary analytes can be found in fattening pigs depending on the productive phase and sex of the animals