Analyzing the Improvements of Energy Management Systems for Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using a Systematic Literature Review: How Far Are These Controls from Rule-Based Controls Used in Commercial Vehicles?

Featured Application This work is useful for researchers interested in the study of energy management systems for hybrid electric vehicles. In addition, it is interesting for institutions related to the market of this type of vehicle. The hybridization of vehicles is a viable step toward overcoming the challenge of the reduction of emissions related to road transport all over the world. To take advantage of the emission reduction potential of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), the appropriate design of their energy management systems (EMSs) to control the power flow between the engine and the battery is essential. This work presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of the more recent works that developed EMSs for HEVs. The review is carried out subject to the following idea: although the development of novel EMSs that seek the optimum performance of HEVs is booming, in the real world, HEVs continue to rely on well-known rule-based (RB) strategies. The contribution of this work is to present a quantitative comparison of the works selected. Since several studies do not provide results of their models against commercial RB strategies, it is proposed, as another contribution, to complete their results using simulations. From these results, it is concluded that the improvement of the analyzed EMSs ranges roughly between 5% and 10% with regard to commercial RB EMSs; in comparison to the optimum, the analyzed EMSs are nearer to the optimum than commercial RB EMSs

High Levels of Blood Lead in Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) from Cazorla Natural Park (Southern Spain)

©2005. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This document is the Accepted, version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in Environmental Toxicology. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20132The blood lead of 23 griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) trapped in 2003 was analyzed in order to evaluate exposure to lead in the vulture population of Cazorla Natural Park (in southern Spain). In 2001 the use of leaded gasoline in vehicles was banned in the European Union; however, lead ammunition is still used in Spain in big-game hunting for red deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boar, which are ingested by vultures from September to March. The mean concentration of lead in blood was 43.07 6 31.96 g/dL with a range of 17.39–144.80 g/dL. Only two vultures had lead levels below 20 g/dL, and two others had blood lead concentrations close to 150 g/dL. In view of the results, we think the population of vultures from Cazorla Natural Park is suffering subclinical exposure to lead, with some individuals exposed to high toxicity risk. We concluded that ingestion of lead in the metallic form alone is sufficient to produce these blood lead concentrations, and we recommend the prohibition of lead ammunition for big-game hunting in order to preserve the vulture population

Solid sampling determination of ZnO nanoparticles in eyeshadows by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

The application of nanoparticles (NPs) in science and technology is a fast growing field. Therefore, reliable and straightforward analytical methods are required for their fast determination in different types of samples. In this work, a method that enables the determination of the average size of ZnO NPs, besides their concentration, discriminating them from ionic zinc, has been optimized. The method is based on solid sampling high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (SS-HR-CS-GFAAS), and has been applied to determination and characterization of ZnO NPs in cosmetic samples. Recently, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry has been introduced as a new tool to determine the size of nanoparticles by evaluation of the following parameters: atomization delay (tad) and atomization rate (kat). In this work both parameters (besides peak area) have been obtained from absorbance signals for a line of Zn with low sensitivity. Two multiple response surface designs have been used in order to optimize the adequate furnace program to achieve our aims. All the optimization experiments were performed using baby´s skin irritation protective cream. The optimized furnace program is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Optimized furnace program The size calibrations were performed against solid (powered) ZnO standards, from 50-nm to 500-nm sized nanoparticles. The correlation coefficients (R value) of the linear calibration were not worse than 0.9982. The optimized method was tested in other types of cosmetic samples such as eyeshadow samples with good results. The determination of the MNPs’ size was validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the Zn concentration in the solid samples was validated by atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). Acknowledgements (optional) [Garamond font, 10 points] The authors would like to thank Plan propio “Proyecto Puente” de la Universidad de Málaga for financial support of this work.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Rapid magnetic microextraction to preconcentrate and determinate cadmium from environmental samples

A novel and greener ultrasonically assisted/modified cloud point extraction procedure for the preconcentration and extraction of trace cadmium from environmental samples was developed. The sorbent material was fabricated by scattering of magnetic iron nanoparticles (MNPs) over graphene oxide (GO) to obtain magnetic graphene oxide (MGO). The material was suspended in the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-metilimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM][BF4]. The obtained stable colloidal suspension is named ferrofluid. GO presents excellent adsorbent properties for organic species due to the presence of the electronic π system. For this reason, the organic ligand [1,5-bis-(2-dipyridyl) methylene] thiocarbonohydrazide (DPTH) was used in order to form an organic complex of Cd. Once the DPTH ligand has been added to sample, the ferrofluid was injected and finely dispersed in the sample solution in order to extract the formed chelate as shown in Fig. 1. The complete adsorption of the quelate took place within few seconds, after that the solid was separated from the solution with the aid of a strong magnet. Cadmium ions were desorbed from the material with 1 mL of 5% acid nitric solution and quantified by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The main parameters affecting the extraction and the furnace program were optimized using one-at-time method. The analytical performance under optimum conditions are the following: LOD: 0.005 µg/L, LOQ: 0.017 µg/L. Linear calibration: 0-0.25 µg/L and EF: 200. The reliability of the developed procedure was tested by relative standard deviation (% RSD), which was found to be < 5% (1.3%). The performance of the proposed procedure was checked by applying to certified reference material and spiking standard in real samplesUniversidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Turbiditas carbonatadas del Cretácico inferior en el Arroyo Bercho, Prebético de Jaén: Interpretación genética e implicaciones paleogeográficas

[ES] El análisis de las características sedimentarias de las turbiditas carbonatadas permite precisar la interpretación paleogeográfica del Prebético de Jaén, durante el Cretácico. Se pueden distinguir dos asociaciones de facies: a) Turbiditas de estatificación fina, intercaladas en abundante sedimento pelágico, e interpretadas como facies de borde de lóbulo. b) Cuerpos turbidíticos lenticulares interpretados como lóbulos de depósito formados por agradación. Aparecen asociadas a una serie depositada en una cuenca que progresivamente se fue haciendo más somera y que terminó con la implantación de una plataforma carbonatada en el Cenomanense. Se calcula que el depósito de las turbidítas debió realizarse a unos pocos centenares de metros de profundidad.[EN] The analysis of the sedimentary characteristics of the carbonate turbidites allows to accurate the paleogeographic interpretation of the Prebetie of laen. Two types of facies associations can be distinguished: a) Thin bedded turbidites> as intercalations into mainly hemipelapic sediments, interpreted as lobe fringe facies, b) Lents like turbiditie bodies corresponding to agradational depositional lobes. They occur associated to an shallowing upward sequence ending with Cenomanian carbonated platform facies. The turbiditic deposit supodselly took place in a few hundreds meters deep sedimentary basin.Trabajo patrocinado por la C.A.I.C.Y.T., dentro del proyecto «El Mesozoico de las Cordilleras Béticas» realizado en este centro del C.S.I.C.Peer reviewe

Detection of small murine lung tumours by FDG-PET

[Abstract] AMI International Conference 2003, September 21 - 27, Madrid, Spain: "High Resolution Molecular Imaging: from Basic Science to Clinical Applications"The functional information provided by 2-deoxy-2- [18F]fluoro-D-Glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is commonly used to detect primary tumours and metastases in clinical studies. The aim of this work is to assess the possibilities of FDG-PET studies to detect small lung tumour lesions in mice, using a dedicated small animal PET scannerPublicad

In-line high resolution PET and 3T MRI hybrid device for preclinical multimodal imaging

Proocedings of: 3rd Conference on PET/MR and SPECT/MR (PSMR 2014). Kos, Creece, May 19-21, 2014Publicad

Effect of Disorder on Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics Probed by Single Molecule Spectroscopy

We present a single-molecule study unraveling the effect of static disorder on the vibrational-assisted ultrafast exciton dynamics in multichromophoric systems. For every single complex, we probe the initial exciton relaxation process by an ultrafast pump-probe approach and the coupling to vibrational modes by emission spectra, while fluorescence lifetime analysis measures the amount of static disorder. Exploiting the wide range of disorder found from complex to complex, we demonstrate that static disorder accelerates the dephasing and energy relaxation rate of the exciton

Accuracy of CT-based attenuation correction in bone imaging with PET/CT

Proceeding of: 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record (NSS'07), Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, Oct. 27 - Nov. 3, 2007PET/CT has become the most comprehensive diagnostic tool in oncology imaging providing improved lesion identification and localization. Bone is a common site of metastasis and the quantitative accuracy of PET images in bone tissue is important for assessing response to therapy. The use of CT images for attenuation correction is becoming a standard procedure in these scanners. However the impact of CT-based attenuation correction (CTAC) on the accuracy of PET tracer uptake values measured in bone has not been carefully evaluated, having only been carefully studied in soft tissue. We investigated the accuracy of CTAC on PET bone images by comparing the attenuation coefficients with PET transmission scans. For this, we imaged frozen bovine femur segments in a 20x20 cm cylindrical phantom. Different regions of the bones in both images were segmented by using thresholding and erosion methods to get equivalent volume masks. Differences in linear attenuation coefficients between the two images were then calculated. We repeated this analysis using patient images from the same patient imaged on the GE Advance PET scanner and the GE Discovery STE PET/CT scanner. The impact of the errors in the linear attenuation coefficients on PET SUV measurements was evaluated by simulations using the patent images with known bone disease and elevated levels of FDG uptake in bone (e.g. SUV = 5) at disease sites. The impact of the errors in the linear attenuation coefficients was then estimated by forward projection and reconstruction, after including the effects of attenuation and attenuation correction.This work was supported in kart by Agencia Antidroga de la Comunidad de Madrid (S-SAL2007), Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo (CIBER CB06/01/0079), and Ministerio de Industria (Programa CENIT). It was also supported in part by NIH grants R01- CA124573 and R01-CA115870

Osteomielitis crónica de extremidades inferiores en pacientes ancianos: colgajo sóleo, una opción efectiva

La osteomielitis crónica (OC) en extremidades inferiores afecta al hueso y tejidos blandos circundantes, produciéndose úlceras crónicas que exponen el hueso necrosado. El tratamiento de la OC combina: antibióticos, desbridamiento-estabilización ósea, y una adecuada cobertura cutánea. La reconstrucción de las pérdidas de sustancia localizadas en el tercio medio de la pierna puede realizarse con colgajos fasciocutáneos, colgajos libres, colgajos en piernas cruzadas y colgajos locales musculares. La edad avanzada del paciente es un factor importante a considerar para la indicación de la técnica reparadora. El colgajo sóleo tiene múltiples ventajas: rica vascularización, corto tiempo quirúrgico, postoperatorio cómodo para el paciente y mínima limitación funcional. Presentamos 2 casos de pacientes ancianos con defectos osteocutáneos tibiales secundarios a OC, en ambos casos la cobertura del defecto se realizó con el colgajo muscular sóleo, la evolución clínica fue favorable y la recuperación funcional total.Cronic osteomyelitis (CO) in lower legs involves tibial-fibular bones and soft tissues around, with cronic ulcers by necrosed bone exposure. CO treatment combines: antibiotics, removes necrotic bone, bony stabilization and an adequate soft tissue coverage. Soft tissue loss reconstruction in the medium third of the legs can be made with fasciocutaneous flaps, free flaps, cross leg flaps and local muscle flaps. Elderly age is an important condition for the reconstruction procedure indication. Soleus muscle flap has multiple advantages: great blood supply, short surgical time, comfortable postoperative and minimum functional sequels. Two cases: Both elderly patients with osteocutaneous defects in tibia, by CO. Treatment coverage was performed with soleus muscle flap. Clinic course increased positively and the patients got completely functional restitution