7 research outputs found
Synthesis, antitubercular activity and mechanism of resistance of highly effective thiacetazone analogues
Defining the pharmacological target(s) of currently used drugs and developing new analogues with greater potency are both important aspects of the search for agents that are effective against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thiacetazone (TAC) is an anti-tubercular drug that was formerly used in conjunction with isoniazid, but removed from the antitubercular chemotherapeutic arsenal due to toxic side effects. However, several recent studies have linked the mechanisms of action of TAC to mycolic acid metabolism and TAC-derived analogues have shown increased potency against M. tuberculosis. To obtain new insights into the molecular mechanisms of TAC resistance, we isolated and analyzed 10 mutants of M. tuberculosis that were highly resistant to TAC. One strain was found to be mutated in the methyltransferase MmaA4 at Gly101, consistent with its lack of oxygenated mycolic acids. All remaining strains harbored missense mutations in either HadA (at Cys61) or HadC (at Val85, Lys157 or Thr123), which are components of the bhydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase complex that participates in the mycolic acid elongation step. Separately, a library of 31 new TAC analogues was synthesized and evaluated against M. tuberculosis. Two of these compounds, 15 and 16, exhibited minimal inhibitory concentrations 10-fold lower than the parental molecule, and inhibited mycolic acid biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, overexpression of HadAB HadBC or HadABC in M. tuberculosis led to high level resistance to these compounds, demonstrating that their mode of action is similar to that of TAC. In summary, this study uncovered new mutations associated with TAC resistance and also demonstrated that simple structural optimization of the TAC scaffold was possible and may lead to a new generation of TAC-derived drug candidates for the potential treatment of tuberculosis as mycolic acid inhibitors
Oleic Acid Biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum: Characterization of the Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase and Investigation as a Potential Therapeutic Target
BACKGROUND:Plasmodium falciparum parasitization of erythrocytes causes a substantial increase in the levels of intracellular fatty acids, notably oleic acid. How parasites acquire this monounsaturated fatty acid has remained enigmatic. Here, we report on the biochemical and enzymatic characterization of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) in P. falciparum. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:Metabolic labeling experiments allowed us to demonstrate the production of oleic acid from stearic acid both in lysates of parasites incubated with [(14)C]-stearoyl-CoA and in parasite-infected erythrocytes labeled with [(14)C]-stearic acid. Optimal SCD activity was detected in schizonts, the stage of maximal membrane synthesis. This activity correlated with a late trophozoite stage-specific induction of PFE0555w transcripts. PFE0555w harbors a typical SCD signature. Similar to mammalian SCDs, this protein was found to be associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, as determined with PFE0555w-GFP tagged transgenic P. falciparum. Importantly, these parasites exhibited increased rates of stearic to oleic acid conversion, providing additional evidence that PFE0555w encodes the plasmodial SCD (PfSCD). These findings prompted us to assess the activity of sterculic acid analogues, known to be specific Delta9-desaturase inhibitors. Methyl sterculate inhibited the synthesis of oleic acid both with parasite lysates and infected erythrocytes, most likely by targeting PfSCD. This compound exhibited significant, rapid and irreversible antimalarial activity against asexual blood stages. This parasiticidal effect was antagonized by oleic acid. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:Our study provides evidence that parasite-mediated fatty acid modification is important for blood-stage survival and provides a new strategy to develop a novel antimalarial therapeutic based on the inhibition of PfSCD
VariabilitĂ© gĂ©ochimique du manteau Ă trĂšs petite Ă©chelle sous la dorsale Est-Pacifique (15Âș37'-15Âș47'N)
120 Mid-Ocean-Ridge basaltic (MORB) glasses were collected on discrete lava flow (-200m sampling interval) during submersible dives along the East-Pacific-Rise (EPR), between 15°37âN and 14°47âN, precisely where the ridge intersects the Mathematicians hotspot track. The data display a geochemical variability that has never been observed along a ridge at such a small spatial scale. The range of isotopic compositions along this 15 km segment is commensurable to that of the entire EPR. It can be accounted or by a mixture of three main components, representative of the hotspot heterogeneity. The dense sampling, along and across the ridge segment, matches the resolution of the micro-bathymetric data, which made the spatio temporal reconstruction of the geochemical and morphological evolution of the EPR/Mathematician hotspot system possible. The latest starts 600 kya with the segment inflation and a global change in the ambient mantle composition, followed by two successive jumps of the ridge axis (250 and 150 kya) towards the seamounts chain. During this phase as the two systems are getting closer, new geochemical signatures emerge in MORB. Among them, relics of regional depleted mantle, small enriched local heterogeneities, and two types of heterogeneities belonging to the hotspot source. The last one become apparent only during the last 100 years around 15°44âN, and constitutes a novel geochemical signature for MORB. This new componentâs most noticeable property is its very unradiogenic Pb (âUnradiogenic Lead Componentâ, ULC) associated with mostly enriched Sr, Nd and Hf isotopic signatures. Putted together, major, trace elements and isotopes (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb and He) suggest an ancient (>2Ga) lower continental metagabbroic origin for this material, while the involvement of sulfides is considered in order to explain the unradiogenic lead compositions. Overall, the preferred model for the formation of ULC is the recycling within the upper mantle of sulfide bearing pyroxenites coming from continental arc roots. ULC-influenced basalts represent magmatic witnesses of the melting of this cryptic reservoir that can contribute to solve the Pb paradox.Le segment 16°N de la dorsale Est-Pacifique (EPR) interagit avec le point chaud des MathĂ©maticiens (PCM). A partir de lâanalyse gĂ©ochimique de 120 Ă©chantillons de verres basaltiques prĂ©levĂ©s par submersible Nautile (campagne Ă la mer PARISUB 2010) coulĂ©e par coulĂ©e, ce travail prĂ©sente une Ă©tude Ă trĂšs petite Ă©chelle de lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© chimique du manteau sous quelques kilomĂštres de dorsale (15°37âN et 15°47âN). Les rĂ©sultats obtenus tĂ©moignent dâune variabilitĂ© gĂ©ochimique jamais observĂ©e Ă si petite Ă©chelle sous une dorsale. Le degrĂ© dâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du manteau dans cette zone est comparable Ă celui de lâensemble de lâEPR. Cette diversitĂ© est le produit du mĂ©lange entre trois sources mantelliques principales, caractĂ©risant lâinfluence et lâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© du point chaud. La densitĂ© de lâĂ©chantillonnage offre une rĂ©solution spatiale en adĂ©quation avec les donnĂ©es bathymĂ©triques, ce qui a permis de coupler les deux approches et faire une reconstruction spatio-temporelle de lâĂ©volution gĂ©ochimique et morphologique du systĂšme EPR/PCM. Celle-ci commence il y a environ 600 ka par le gonflement du segment et un changement gĂ©nĂ©ral dans la composition du manteau ambiant, suivi de deux sauts dâaxe successifs en direction de la chaĂźne il y a 250 et 150 ka. Lors de cette phase de rapprochement de nouvelles signatures gĂ©ochimiques Ă©mergent ponctuellement dans les MORB. Parmi elles, une signature relique de manteau appauvri rĂ©gional, une autre dâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© enrichie locale, et enfin celle de deux types dâhĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©s contenues dans la source du PCM. Cette derniĂšre, nâapparaĂźt dans les MORB quâau cours des 100 derniĂšres annĂ©es autour de 15°44âN, et constitue une signature gĂ©ochimique inĂ©dite pour des MORB. Ce nouveau composant a la particularitĂ© dâavoir du Pb trĂšs peu radiogĂ©nique ("Unradiogenic Lead Component", ULC) associĂ© Ă des signatures isotopiques en Sr, Nd et Hf enrichies. Les compositions en Ă©lĂ©ments majeurs, traces et isotopes (Sr, Nd, Hf, Pb et He) suggĂšrent lâimplication de matĂ©riel mĂ©tagabbroique, ancien (>2Ga) Ă affinitĂ© continentale. La prĂ©sence de sulfures dans la source permettrait dâexpliquer le Pb peu radiogĂ©nique. Le recyclage dans le manteau supĂ©rieur de pyroxĂ©nites Ă sulfures, provenant de la partie profonde dâanciens arcs continentaux permettrait dâexpliquer lâorigine de ULC. Les basaltes ULC seraient donc les tĂ©moins volcaniques de la fusion de ce rĂ©servoir discret qui contribue Ă rĂ©soudre le paradoxe du Pb
Fonction et régulation des gÚnes de biosynthÚse des acides mycoliques chez les mycobactéries
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis infects one third of the world population with 9 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths each year. The capability of the bacteria to persist in its host and the emergence of multi- and totally-drug resistant strains explain these dramatic statistics. Therefore, the discovery of new drugs through a better understanding of the physiology and of the adaptive genetic programs of the pathogen is a priority. Mtb is a Gram + bacilli with an unusual cell envelope characterized by an outer membrane (the mycomembrane) essential to its viability and virulence. This membrane is mainly composed of mycolic acids (MAs), a class of very long chain fatty acids which are modified by the introduction of functional groups. To date the biosynthesis of MAs is biochemically well characterized, but some data need to be confirmed in vivo, likewise there is little information about the regulation and the contribution of biosynthesis genes in the adaptive capacity of mycobacteria. Around thirty genes are involved in the biosynthesis of MAs including hadA, hadB and hadC which are required for an essential dehydration reaction. It has been shown biochemically that HadB bears the catalytic activity and that HadA and HadC bring about the substrate specificity. In this study, using a genetic approach, we have shown that only HadB was essential to the viability but that the non-essential HadA and HadC proteins played a major role in the physiology, the adaptive capacity and the virulence of mycobacteria. These results have not only confirmed the biochemical data on the role of HadC in the biosynthesis of MAs, but have also underlined the relevance of a strategy based on weakening the fitness of Mtb, making the pathogen more susceptible to existing therapy as well as to the natural host defenses. Phylogenetic and experimental analyses of gene expression allowed us to rationalize the evolutionary scenario that has shaped the hadABC locus. In agreement with the genetic organization, I have shown that starvation, a stress experienced by the bacterium upon infection, resulted into the co-repression of the genes hadABC as well as most of the MAs biosynthetic genes with genes involved in the translation process. The translation potential is known to be controlled by nutrient avaibility, especially through the stringent response, an adaptive response widely conserved in bacteria. Following these results a model was proposed stating that during the stringent response, the MAs intermediate products would be redirected toward the synthesis of alternate lipids including storage lipids. Phylogenetic analysis also suggested a close functional relationship between the activity of HadABC proteins and the enzymes involved in the modification of MAs. In order to get an integrated picture of the regulation of the biosynthesis of the mycomembrane, we analyzed the biological role of rv0081, a gene encoding a transcription factor. Various comprehensive approaches suggested that Rv0081 plays a key role in M.tb adaptive capacity through the regulation of many genes involved in various cellular functions including the hadABC genes. In my PhD work I have shown that an rv0081 deleted strain was hypervirulent and that the inability of the bacteria to properly regulate the gene had prevented the bacteria to survive within macrophages.Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) l'agent Ă©tiologique de la tuberculose infecte un tiers de la population mondiale avec 9 millions de nouveaux cas et 1.5 millions de dĂ©cĂšs chaque annĂ©e. La capacitĂ© de la bactĂ©rie Ă persister dans son hĂŽte ainsi que l'apparition croissante de souches multi-rĂ©sistantes voire totalement rĂ©sistantes expliquent ces statistiques dramatiques. La dĂ©couverte de nouveaux traitements Ă travers une meilleure connaissance de la physiologie et des programmes gĂ©nĂ©tiques adaptatifs du pathogĂšne est donc une prioritĂ© mondiale. M.tb est un bacille Ă Gram+ avec une enveloppe particuliĂšre caractĂ©risĂ©e par une membrane externe (la mycomembrane) essentielle Ă sa viabilitĂ© et sa virulence. Cette membrane est constituĂ©e majoritairement d'acides mycoliques (AMs), des acides gras Ă trĂšs longues chaĂźnes modifiĂ©s par l'introduction de groupements fonctionnels. Bien qu'Ă ce jour la biosynthĂšse des AMs est relativement bien caractĂ©risĂ©e d'un point de vue biochimique, certaines donnĂ©es nĂ©cessitent d'ĂȘtre confirmĂ©es in vivo, de mĂȘme qu'il existe peu d'information sur la rĂ©gulation et la contribution des gĂšnes de biosynthĂšse Ă la capacitĂ© adaptative des mycobactĂ©ries. Une trentaine de gĂšnes sont impliquĂ©s dans la biosynthĂšse des AMs dont hadA, hadB et hadC codant pour une rĂ©action de dĂ©shydratation essentielle. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© biochimiquement que HadB porte l'activitĂ© catalytique et que HadA et HadC apportent la spĂ©cificitĂ© de substrats. Au cours de ma thĂšse, par une approche gĂ©nĂ©tique, nous avons montrĂ© que seule HadB Ă©tait essentielle Ă la viabilitĂ© mais que HadA et HadC bien que non essentielles jouaient un rĂŽle majeur dans la physiologie, la capacitĂ© adaptative et la virulence des mycobactĂ©ries, en relation avec leur rĂŽle dans la structure des AMs. Ces rĂ©sultats avaient non seulement confirmĂ© les donnĂ©es biochimiques quant au rĂŽle de HadC dans la biosynthĂšse des AMs, mais Ă©galement soulignĂ© l'intĂ©rĂȘt d'une stratĂ©gie de lutte basĂ©e sur l'affaiblissement du fitness de M.tb, rendant ainsi le pathogĂšne plus sensible aux traitements dĂ©jĂ existants ainsi qu'aux dĂ©fenses naturelles de l'hĂŽte. Une analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique couplĂ©e Ă une analyse expĂ©rimentale de l'expression des gĂšnes nous a permis de retracer et de rationaliser le scĂ©nario Ă©volutif qui a façonnĂ© le locus hadABC. En accord avec l'organisation gĂ©nĂ©tique, j'ai ainsi montrĂ© que la carence en nutriments, un stress rencontrĂ© par la bactĂ©rie lors de l'infection, conduisait Ă la co-rĂ©pression des gĂšnes hadABC ainsi que de la plupart des gĂšnes de biosynthĂšse des AMs avec des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans le processus de traduction. Le potentiel de traduction est connu pour ĂȘtre contrĂŽlĂ© par la disponibilitĂ© en nutriments, Ă travers notamment la rĂ©ponse stringente, une rĂ©ponse adaptative universellement conservĂ©e chez les bactĂ©ries. Suite Ă ces rĂ©sultats, un modĂšle a Ă©tĂ© proposĂ© selon lequel au cours de la rĂ©ponse stringente, les intermĂ©diaires de synthĂšse des AMs, seraient dĂ©tournĂ©s au profit de la synthĂšse de lipides alternatifs dont des lipides de stockage. L'analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique a Ă©galement suggĂ©rĂ© une relation fonctionnelle Ă©troite entre l'activitĂ© des enzymes HadABC et des enzymes responsables de la modification des AMs. Afin d'avoir une vision intĂ©grĂ©e de la rĂ©gulation de la synthĂšse de la mycomembrane, nous avons analysĂ© le rĂŽle biologique du gĂšne rv0081 codant pour un facteur de transcription global. DiffĂ©rentes approches systĂ©miques suggĂ©raient que Rv0081 jouerait un rĂŽle central dans la capacitĂ© adaptative de M.tb en rĂ©gulant de nombreux gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans diffĂ©rentes fonctions cellulaires dont les gĂšnes hadABC. J'ai pu montrer qu'un mutant rv0081 Ă©tait hypervirulent et que l'absence d'une rĂ©gulation naturelle du gĂšne affectait la capacitĂ© de survie de la bactĂ©rie Ă l'intĂ©rieur des macrophages
Application du systÚme isotopique 138La-138Ce en contexte de subduction intra-océanique : les Petites Antilles et les Mariannes
Elements from the Rare Earth Elements have very close chemical behavior. They include two long-lived isotope systems: 138La-138Ce (T1/2 = 292.5 Ga) and 147Sm-143Nd (T1/2 = 106 Ga). Ce displays a specific behavior in supergene environments. For example in seawater cerium is oxidized in Ce (IV) whereas other rare earth elements are present in a trivalent state (3+). Thus, seawater rare earth element patterns are characterized by strong negative Ce anomalies. The sediments formed in equilibrium with seawater (biogenic and authigenic sediments) present similar chemical characteristics. The study of the 138Ce/142Ce ratio in lavas formed in subduction settings is able to bring additional information regarding the nature of recycled sediments, and more particularly the participation of authigenic materials in the genesis of these lavas since negative Ce anomalies are commonly measured in these samples. 138Ce/142Ce variations are always small given the long half-life of the parent isotope and its small abundance. Although the study of 138La-138Ce systematics has been developed during the 80âs, we propose here to reinvestigate its use as a potential tracer of recycled sediment with the new generation of mass spectrometers. The Ce isotopic compositions are measured in oxide species on a thermal ionization mass spectrometer. The analytical precision defined on the same analytical session is about 40 ppm after correction of oxygen mass fractionation and considering the tailing effect of 140Ce on lower masses. A large amount of data has been obtained on two artificial Ce standards (AMES and JMC-304), and on two rock standards (BCR-2 and BHVO-2). Two intra-oceanic subduction zones with contrasting geodynamic settings have been studied: the Lesser Antilles and the Marianas. We have analyzed the 138Ce/142Ce ratio on lavas, sediments drilled in front of the trenches, and MORB, in order to better characterize the nature of the sediments incorporated in the mantle wedge. A large Ce isotopic variability and correlation with Nd isotopes is observed for the Martinique lavas (Lesser Antilles). The origin of Ce anomalies of lavas cannot only be attributed to the participation of sediments at the source of the lavas. Marianas lavas present very similar Ce and Nd isotopic ratios. Binary solid-fluid mixing between the mantle wedge and sediments potentially subducted permits to assess the origin of the Ce anomalies to the participation of fluids coming from the partial melting of biosiliceous sediments (1.5% to 7%).Les terres rares sont des Ă©lĂ©ments chimiques au comportement trĂšs proche. Elles regroupent deux systĂšmes radioactifs de longue vie: 138La-138Ce (T1/2 = 292.5 Ga) et 147Sm-143Nd (T1/2= 106 Ga). Le Ce prĂ©sente la particularitĂ© de sâoxyder sous forme 4+ dans les milieux supergĂšnes alors que les autres terres rares sont prĂ©sentes sous forme trivalente (3+). Ce comportement particulier du cĂ©rium induit une forte anomalie nĂ©gative en Ce dans lâeau de mer et dans les sĂ©diments se formant en Ă©quilibre avec lâeau de mer (sĂ©diments biogĂšnes et authigĂšnes). LâĂ©tude du rapport 138Ce/142Ce peut apporter des informations concernant la nature des sĂ©diments recyclĂ©s au cours des processus de subduction, et plus particuliĂšrement sur la participation de sĂ©diments authigĂšnes et biogĂšnes puisque de nombreuses laves sont caractĂ©risĂ©es par des anomalies nĂ©gatives en cĂ©rium. LâĂ©tude du systĂšme 138La-138Ce a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©e dans les annĂ©es 80. Le temps de demi-vie du systĂšme Ă©tant important, et lâabondance du 138La faible, les variations du rapport isotopique 138Ce/142Ce sont toujours faibles. Nous proposons donc de reconsidĂ©rer lâĂ©tude du systĂšme 138La-138Ce avec la nouvelle gĂ©nĂ©ration de spectromĂštre de masse. Les mesures isotopiques du Ce sont rĂ©alisĂ©es sous forme oxyde sur un spectromĂštre de masse Ă thermo-ionisation. La prĂ©cision analytique obtenue, aprĂšs correction du fractionnement de masse de lâoxygĂšne et de lâeffet de queue de pic du 140Ce, est de 40 ppm sur une mĂȘme session analytique. Une grande quantitĂ© de donnĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© obtenues sur les standards de Ce AMES et JMC-304, ainsi que sur les standards de roche BCR-2 et BHVO-2. Deux zones de subduction intra-ocĂ©aniques prĂ©sentant des contextes gĂ©odynamiques contrastĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es: les Petites Antilles et les Mariannes. Nous avons analysĂ© les rapports isotopiques 138Ce/142Ce des laves, des sĂ©diments provenant des piles sĂ©dimentaires forĂ©es en amont des fosses ainsi que des MORB dans le but de mieux caractĂ©riser la nature des sĂ©diments participants Ă la genĂšse des laves. Les laves de la Martinique (Petites Antilles) prĂ©sentent de grandes variabilitĂ©s isotopiques en Ce et corrĂšlent avec les isotopes du Nd. Lâorigine des anomalies en cĂ©rium des laves ne peut pas ĂȘtre attribuĂ©e uniquement au composant sĂ©dimentaire participant Ă la genĂšse des laves. Dans le cas des Mariannes, les rapports isotopiques en Ce et Nd sont trĂšs homogĂšnes. Des mĂ©langes binaires solide-fluide entre le coin de manteau et les sĂ©diments potentiellement subduits nous permettent de dĂ©terminer que les anomalies nĂ©gatives en Ce des laves proviennent de la participation de fluides issus de la fusion partielle des sĂ©diments biosiliceux (entre 1.5 et 7%)
Nonparametric analysis of replicated microarray experiments
SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: RR 8460(2002,70) / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman