Radiation protection considerations on radon and building materials radioactivity in Near Zero Energy Buildings

Recent updates of the E.U. Basic Safety Standards, stated in the Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM, are focusing on risks related to radon gas concentration inside dwellings and working places, as well as radioactivity of building materials. In particular, the new E.U. Basic Safety Standards are based on last recommendations from the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and from the World Health Organization (WHO), which consider that radon issues, and external irradiation from building material, as topic aspects to population’s health. Further, ICRP Publication 126, by using bio-kinetics models for estimating the effects of radon intakes, has drastically reduced the reference level for radon concentration in dwellings and working places. Radon issues have recently gained particular attention due to current orientations in constructing buildings with energy consumptions lower and lower. Radon gas emerges from the ground, penetrates building’s basements, and accumulates itself into the indoor air, being breathed by people. Taking care of windows’ airtightness allows the radon concentration to build up, in some cases beyond reference levels, together with other chemical pollutants, i.e. combustion residues and solvents. On considering that Council Directive 2013/59 EURATOM has to be transposed into law by each EU Member State by February 2018, it is recommended that radon issues have to be considered during the design phase of the building construction, particularly for NZEB applications. Further, external irradiation from building materials, i.e. tuff, marbles, tiles, pozzolana, coal ashes and so on, may be a reason of concern also. This paper describes radiation protection issues focusing on public and domestic environments, where people are supposed to spend a considerable amount of time. About radon, real measurements are shown, both in domestic and working scenarios. Dealing with external irradiation due to building materials, calculations and simulations have been performed and results are presented

CFD analysis of natural convection cooling of the in-vessel components during a shutdown of the EU DEMO fusion reactor

In view of the large neutron fluence expected in a fusion power plant, the maintenance of the in-vessel components (IVC) must be carried out using Remote Handling (RH); however, before the RH robots can intervene, the temperature of the IVCs must be reduced, so a cooldown phase is required after the reactor shutdown before maintenance activities can start. In the EU DEMO two options are being investigated to cool down the Breeding Blanket (BB) structures before maintenance, namely introducing fans to pump air in forced convection in the plasma chamber (after opening the Vacuum Vessel), or letting the air at room temperature cool down the structures by natural convection; if the required downtime is acceptable, the second option is clearly preferred, as it would reduce the cost and complexity of the system. This work analyses the natural convection option via a 3D transient Computational Fluid-Dynamics (CFD) conjugate heat transfer model, to evaluate the required time to cool down the BB

A Transient 3-D CFD Model for the Simulation of Forced or Natural Convection of the EU DEMO In-Vessel Components

As the EU DEMO reactor will act as a Component Test Facility for the breeding blanket (BB), it is foreseen that the different BB concepts will be tested throughout the plant’s lifetime. The maintenance of all the in-vessel components (IVCs), as for all D-T fusion machines, must be carried out employing remote handling (RH) technology, as the structural materials will be activated by the neutrons. The maintained segment and possibly other nearby segments cannot be actively cooled and will heat up due to the decay heat. For these reasons, alternative cooling strategies need thus to be investigated to ensure that the BB segment will cool down within the limits required by the RH in a reasonable amount of time. In the present work, two possible cooling options are investigated for the case of the Water-Cooled Lithium-Lead BB concept. One is based on the passive cool-down by natural convection of the BB segments, whereas the second one relies on a forcing flow of cool air on the BB surfaces. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach has been used to study the different options for performing transient analyses through the Star-CCM+ commercial code

New Challenges for Sustainable Organizations in Light of Agenda 2030 for Sustainability

Sustainability is one of humanity’s most daunting issues at present. Increasing popula- tion, escalation of anthropogenic activities, industrialization, modern agricultural practices that pollute water, air, and soil around the world, and ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions mean that sustainability is now in doubt [1]. In response to these critical concerns, the world has come up with several initiatives including Agenda 2030. Agenda 2030 is a commitment to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development worldwide, ensuring that no one is left behind by 2030. Its adoption was a landmark achievement, providing a shared vision towards sustainable development for all. Its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 targets aim to end the plethora of development problems and deliver a better univers

Design Optimisation and Mass Saving of the Structure of the Orion-MPCV European Service Module

This paper presents an overview of the design optimisation measures that have been proposed and analysed in order to reduce the mass of the structure, including the MMOD (Micro-Meteoroid and Orbital Debris) protection system, of the ESM (European Service Module) for the Orion MPCV (Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle). Under an agreement between NASA and ESA, the NASA Orion MPCV for human space exploration missions will be powered by a European Service Module, based on the design and experience of the ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle). The development and qualification of the European Service Module is managed and implemented by ESA. The ESM prime contractor and system design responsible is Airbus Defence and Space. Thales Alenia Space Italia is responsible for the design and integration of the ESM Structure and MMOD protection system in addition to the Thermal Control System and the Consumable Storage System. The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle is a pressurized, crewed spacecraft that transports up to four crew members from the Earths surface to a nearby destination or staging point. Orion then brings the crew members safely back to the Earths surface at the end of the mission. Orion provides all services necessary to support the crew members while on-board for short duration missions (up to 21 days) or until they are transferred to another orbiting habitat. The ESM supports the crew module from launch through separation prior to re-entry by providing: in-space propulsion capability for orbital transfer, attitude control, and high altitude ascent aborts; water and oxygen/nitrogen needed for a habitable environment; and electrical power generation. In addition, it maintains the temperature of the vehicle's systems and components and offers space for unpressurized cargo and scientific payloads. The ESM has been designed for the first 2 Lunar orbit missions, EM-1 (Exploration mission 1) is an un-crewed flight planned around mid-2020, and EM-2, the first crewed flight, is planned in 2022. At the time where the first ESM is about to be weighted, the predicted mass lies slightly above the initial requirement. For future builds, mass reduction of the Service Module has been considered necessary. This is being investigated, together with other design improvements, in order to consolidate the ESM design and increase possible future missions beyond the first two Orion MPCV missions. The mass saving study has introduced new optimised structural concepts, optimisation of the MMOD protection shields, and optimised redesign of parts for manufacturing through AM (Additive Manufacturing)

Síndrome de piel escaldada. Avances en Diagnóstico y Tratamiento.

Síndrome de piel escaldada estafilocócica (SSSS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una entidad clínica generada por toxinas epidermolíticas producidas por el microorganismo Staphylococcus aureus que destruye las uniones celulares de la epidermis. Esta afectación produce un compromiso cutáneo caracterizado por exfoliación superficial de la piel, celulitis eritematosa y bulas que se pueden expandir hacia gran parte del cuerpo.Esta enfermedad se describe como una infección mediada por toxinas que afecta principalmente pacientes pediátricos y algunos adultos. Las medidas terapéuticas más importantes para disminuir la tasa de mortalidad son el tratamiento de soporte con analgesia, cuidado de heridas y tratamiento antibiótico con antiestafilocócicos.Se recomienda enfrentar esta enfermedad con un enfoque multidisciplinario debido a los diagnósticos diferenciales que incluyen manifestaciones de reacción adversas a medicamentos, necrólisis epidérmica tóxica o síndrome de Steven Johnson por lo que requiere la evaluación por al menos dermatólogos, infectólogos y cirujanos. El propósito de esta revisión es resumir las bases clínicas, etiopatogénicas, complicaciones, tratamiento actual según evidencia y proyecciones a futuro

State of the art of 18F-FDG PET/CT application in inflammation and infection: a guide for image acquisition and interpretation

Aim The diagnosis, severity and extent of a sterile inflammation or a septic infection could be challenging since there is not one single test able to achieve an accurate diagnosis. The clinical use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([F-18]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in the assessment of inflammation and infection is increasing worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to achieve an Italian consensus document on [F-18]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI in inflammatory and infectious diseases, such as osteomyelitis (OM), prosthetic joint infections (PJI), infective endocarditis (IE), prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE), cardiac implantable electronic device infections (CIEDI), systemic and cardiac sarcoidosis (SS/CS), diabetic foot (DF), fungal infections (FI), tuberculosis (TBC), fever and inflammation of unknown origin (FUO/IUO), pediatric infections (PI), inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), spine infections (SI), vascular graft infections (VGI), large vessel vasculitis (LVV), retroperitoneal fibrosis (RF) and COVID-19 infections. Methods In September 2020, the inflammatory and infectious diseases focus group (IIFG) of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) proposed to realize a procedural paper about the clinical applications of [F-18]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI in inflammatory and infectious diseases. The project was carried out thanks to the collaboration of 13 Italian nuclear medicine centers, with a consolidate experience in this field. With the endorsement of AIMN, IIFG contacted each center, and the pediatric diseases focus group (PDFC). IIFG provided for each team involved, a draft with essential information regarding the execution of [F-18]FDG PET/CT or PET/MRI scan (i.e., indications, patient preparation, standard or specific acquisition modalities, interpretation criteria, reporting methods, pitfalls and artifacts), by limiting the literature research to the last 20 years. Moreover, some clinical cases were required from each center, to underline the teaching points. Time for the collection of each report was from October to December 2020. Results Overall, we summarized 291 scientific papers and guidelines published between 1998 and 2021. Papers were divided in several sub-topics and summarized in the following paragraphs: clinical indications, image interpretation criteria, future perspectivess and new trends (for each single disease), while patient preparation, image acquisition, possible pitfalls and reporting modalities were described afterwards. Moreover, a specific section was dedicated to pediatric and PET/MRI indications. A collection of images was described for each indication. Conclusions Currently, [F-18]FDG PET/CT in oncology is globally accepted and standardized in main diagnostic algorithms for neoplasms. In recent years, the ever-closer collaboration among different European associations has tried to overcome the absence of a standardization also in the field of inflammation and infections. The collaboration of several nuclear medicine centers with a long experience in this field, as well as among different AIMN focus groups represents a further attempt in this direction. We hope that this document will be the basis for a "common nuclear physicians' language" throughout all the country