3-AMINOBENZAMIDE, A POLY (ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASE INHIBITOR, RESTORES BIOENERGETICS BUT FAILS TO ALLEVIATE EXCITOTOXICITY AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS IN 3-NITROPROPIONIC ACID INTOXICATED MICE

Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor, on motor functions along with brain excito toxicity and bioenergetics alterations in 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) intoxicated mice model of Huntington's disease (HD).Methods: Young healthy male C57BL/6J mice were pre-treated with vehicle/3-AB for a period of five days and intoxicated with two doses of 3-NPA (15 mg/kg, i. p) at 24 h interval on day 4 and 5. Animals were observed for motor functions 5 days after 3-NPA injection. They were sacrificed at the end of motor tests and brains were collected for neurochemical, bioenergetics, glial cells and cytokines analysis.Results: 3-AB treatment significantly increased the bioenergetics (ATP and NAD) and succinate dehydrogenase activity in 3-NPA intoxicated mice brains. But, it failed to decrease glutamate content, cytokines-TNFα and IL-1β and glial markers–glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (IBA1) expressions. Further, 3-AB administered produced only a non-significant restoration of motor functions in 3-NPA intoxicated mice.Conclusion: The present study revealed that excito toxicity and inflammatory pathways are major perpetrators in 3-NPA induced neuro degeneration and motor dysfunction. Therapeutic approach with 3-AB alone may not be sufficient to manage the multi-cascade pathogenetic mechanisms in HD neither symptomatic management too.Â

Continuous Monitoring of Vital Signs Using Cameras: A Systematic Review

In recent years, noncontact measurements of vital signs using cameras received a great amount of interest. However, some questions are unanswered: (i) Which vital sign is monitored using what type of camera? (ii) What is the performance and which factors affect it? (iii) Which health issues are addressed by camera-based techniques? Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, we conduct a systematic review of continuous camera-based vital sign monitoring using Scopus, PubMed, and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) databases. We consider articles that were published between January 2018 and April 2021 in the English language. We include five vital signs: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP), body skin temperature (BST), and oxygen saturation (SpO2). In total, we retrieve 905 articles and screened them regarding title, abstract, and full text. One hundred and four articles remained: 60, 20, 6, 2, and 1 of the articles focus on HR, RR, BP, BST, and SpO2, respectively, and 15 on multiple vital signs. HR and RR can be measured using red, green, and blue (RGB) and near-infrared (NIR) as well as far-infrared (FIR) cameras. So far, BP and SpO2 are monitored with RGB cameras only, whereas BST is derived from FIR cameras only. Under ideal conditions, the root mean squared error is around 2.60 bpm, 2.22 cpm, 6.91 mm Hg, 4.88 mm Hg, and 0.86 °C for HR, RR, systolic BP, diastolic BP, and BST, respectively. The estimated error for SpO2 is less than 1%, but it increases with movements of the subject and the camera-subject distance. Camera-based remote monitoring mainly explores intensive care, post-anaesthesia care, and sleep monitoring, but also explores special diseases such as heart failure. The monitored targets are newborn and pediatric patients, geriatric patients, athletes (e.g., exercising, cycling), and vehicle drivers. Camera-based techniques monitor HR, RR, and BST in static conditions within acceptable ranges for certain applications. The research gaps are large and heterogeneous populations, real-time scenarios, moving subjects, and accuracy of BP and SpO2 monitoring